CAIE IGCSE Economics 2.10 Mixed Economic System Questions

Nigeria has a mixed economic system. In January 2023, Nigeria had a high unemployment rate of 33% which created a number of costs. Its high inflation rate of 22% had several effects on the country's firms. In 2022 and the start of 2023, Nigerians increased their demand for foreign currency.

Explain how the key resource allocation decisions are made in a mixed economic system.

The shape of Colombia's population pyramid is changing. The income distribution of this South American country, however, is not changing significantly. The country has one of the most unequal income distributions in the world. Some Colombians work in its footwear industry which produces shoes, sandals and boots. Although footwear is produced in the private sector, Colombia has a mixed economic system.

Discuss whether or not a mixed economic system will benefit the people who live in that economy.

Read the source material carefully before answering Question 1.

Although inflation in Switzerland in 2022 was above its target of $2 \%$, it was below the inflation rate of other high-income economies, such as the US ( $9.1 \%$ ), the UK ( $11.1 \%$ ) and Germany ( $7.9 \%$ ). Price levels are more stable because of a combination of microeconomic and macroeconomic policy measures. These include maximum prices, subsidies and a contractionary monetary policy.

To encourage the production of solar energy, the Swiss Government has provided more than $\$ 500$ million in subsidies to producers. This is part of the government's plan to move away from non-renewable sources of energy which are mainly imported. Overdependence on foreign markets could lead to the economy becoming more exposed to external shocks.

Switzerland's current account of the balance of payments has been in surplus from 2015 to 2022. Low inflation, along with the production of very high-quality products, may have contributed to this surplus. A strong currency has also kept the cost of imported raw materials low in Switzerland.

The Swiss franc is one of the more stable currencies in the world. During times of economic uncertainty, the Swiss franc usually strengthens. Fig. 1.1 shows global growth rate (\% change in GDP) and the percentage change in the value of the Swiss franc, against the USD($), from 2018-2022.

Although inflation was not high compared to other countries, the Swiss central bank increased interest rates in 2022. This was done to reduce inflationary pressures. However, there was a risk that higher interest rates might increase unemployment.

The rise in interest rates affected some firms negatively. The Swiss Government had to organise a merger between the two largest banks in Switzerland. This was to avoid one of them collapsing which would have reduced confidence in the whole banking system. A merger might also have helped the merged bank to gain greater economies of scale. However, the merger resulted in some workers losing their jobs and gave the merged bank greater monopoly power.