Learning objective
B.1.1—Molecular states
• Describe solids, liquids and gases using molecular theory.
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Course review
B.1 Thermal energy transfers
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Learning objective
B.1.2—Density
• Density: ρ=m/V.
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Learning objective
B.1.3—Temperature scales
• Use Kelvin and Celsius temperature scales.
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Learning objective
B.1.4—Temperature scale changes
• Temperature change has the same size in Kelvin and Celsius.
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Learning objective
B.1.5—Kelvin temperature and kinetic energy
• Kelvin temperature measures average particle kinetic energy: Ek=3/2 kBT.
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Learning objective
B.1.6—Internal energy
• Internal energy = intermolecular potential energy + random molecular kinetic energy.
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Learning objective
B.1.7—Thermal transfer direction
• Temperature difference sets the net direction of thermal energy transfer.
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Learning objective
B.1.8—Phase change
• Phase change changes particle behaviour via energy transfer at constant temperature.
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Learning objective
B.1.9—Specific heat and latent heat
• Use Q=mcΔT for temperature change and Q=mL for phase change.
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Learning objective
B.1.10—Thermal transfer mechanisms
• Conduction, convection and thermal radiation are the primary mechanisms for thermal energy transfer.
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Learning objective
B.1.11—Conduction
• Conduction: the difference in the kinetic energy of particles.
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Learning objective
B.1.12—Conduction rate
• Conduction rate depends on material, area and temperature gradient: ΔQ/Δt = kAΔT/Δx.
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Learning objective
B.1.13—Convection
• Qualitative description of thermal energy transferred by convection due to fluid density differences.
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Learning objective
B.1.14—Black-body radiation
• Black-body radiation power follows Stefan-Boltzmann law: L=σAT^4. • Applies to emission of electromagnetic waves from a black-body surface.
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Learning objective
B.1.15—Apparent brightness
• Concept of apparent brightness b.
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Learning objective
B.1.16—Luminosity and brightness
• Apparent brightness relation: b = L/(4πd^2).
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Learning objective
B.1.17—Wien’s displacement law
• Use black-body spectrum and Wien’s law: λmaxT = 2.9x10^-3 m K. • Use λmax to infer black-body temperature.
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