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D. Fields

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  1. D.1 Gravitational fields

    1. D.1.1—Kepler’s three laws of orbital motion

      • Kepler’s three laws of orbital motion.

    2. D.1.2—Universal gravitation

      • Universal gravitation: F=Gm1m2/r^2 for point masses.

    3. D.1.3—Point-mass approximation

      • Extended bodies can be treated as point masses only under suitable conditions.

    4. D.1.4—Gravitational field strength

      • Gravitational field strength: g=F/m=GM/r^2.

    5. D.1.5—Gravitational field lines

      • Gravitational field lines.

  2. D.2 Electric and magnetic fields

    1. D.2.1—Electric charge forces

      • Direction of forces between the two types of electric charge.

    2. D.2.2—Coulomb’s law

      • Coulomb’s law: F=kq1q2/r^2 for point charges; k=1/(4πε0).

    3. D.2.3—Charge conservation

      • Conservation of electric charge.

    4. D.2.4—Millikan experiment

      • Millikan’s experiment as evidence for quantization of electric charge.

    5. D.2.5—Charge transfer

      • Charge transfers by friction, electrostatic induction or contact. • Grounding can remove or add charge.

    6. D.2.6—Electric field strength

      • Electric field strength: E=F/q.

    7. D.2.7—Electric field lines

      • Electric field lines.

    8. D.2.8—Field-line density

      • Relationship between field line density and field strength. • Greater field-line density indicates stronger field.

    9. D.2.9—Parallel-plate field

      • Uniform field between plates: E=V/d.

    10. D.2.10—Magnetic field lines

      • Magnetic field lines.

  3. D.3 Motion in electromagnetic fields

    1. D.3.1—Charge in electric fields

      • Motion of a charged particle in a uniform electric field.

    2. D.3.2—Charge in magnetic fields

      • Motion of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field.

    3. D.3.3—Crossed electric and magnetic fields

      • Charged particles can move in perpendicular uniform electric and magnetic fields.

    4. D.3.4—Magnetic force on charge

      • Magnetic force on moving charge: F=qvB sinθ.

    5. D.3.5—Force on current conductor

      • Force on current-carrying conductor: F=BIL sinθ.

    6. D.3.6—Force between parallel wires

      • Force per unit length between parallel wires: F/L=μ0I1I2/(2πr). • Parallel currents attract when currents flow in the same direction.