Learning objective
A.2.1—Newton’s three laws of motion
• Newton’s three laws of motion.
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A.2 Forces and momentum
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Learning objective
A.2.2—Forces as interactions between bodies
• Forces as interactions between bodies.
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Learning objective
A.2.3—Free-body diagrams
• Forces acting on a body can be represented in a free-body diagram.
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Learning objective
A.2.4—Resultant force from diagrams
• Free-body diagrams can be analysed to find the resultant force on a system.
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Learning objective
A.2.5—Contact forces
• Contact forces include normal, friction, tension, elastic restoring force, viscous drag and buoyancy.
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Learning objective
A.2.6—Normal force
• Normal force FN acts perpendicular to the contact surface.
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Learning objective
A.2.7—Frictional force
• Friction acts parallel to contact. • Static: Ff <= μsFN; dynamic: Ff = μdFN.
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Learning objective
A.2.8—Tension
• Tension.
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Learning objective
A.2.9—Hooke’s law restoring force
• Elastic restoring force follows Hooke’s law: FH = -kx.
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Learning objective
A.2.10—Viscous drag
• Viscous drag on a small sphere: Fd = 6πηrv, opposite motion. • η is fluid viscosity, r sphere radius, v speed through fluid.
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Learning objective
A.2.11—Buoyancy
• Buoyancy from displaced fluid: Fb = ρVg.
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Learning objective
A.2.12—Field forces
• Know field forces: gravitational, electric and magnetic.
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Learning objective
A.2.13—Weight
• Weight is gravitational force: Fg = mg.
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Learning objective
A.2.14—Electric force Fe
• Electric force Fe.
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Learning objective
A.2.15—Magnetic force Fm
• Magnetic force Fm.
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Learning objective
A.2.16—Linear momentum conservation
• Linear momentum p=mv is conserved unless a resultant external force acts.
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Learning objective
A.2.17—Impulse
• Impulse from resultant external force: J = FΔt = Δp.
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Learning objective
A.2.18—Impulse-momentum change
• The applied external impulse equals the change in momentum of the system.
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Learning objective
A.2.19—Newton’s second law forms
• Use F=ma for constant mass; use F=Δp/Δt when mass changes.
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Learning objective
A.2.20—Elastic and inelastic collisions
• Elastic and inelastic collisions of two bodies.
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Learning objective
A.2.21—Explosions
• Explosions.
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Learning objective
A.2.22—Collision energy
• Compare energy in elastic collisions, inelastic collisions and explosions.
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Learning objective
A.2.23—Centripetal acceleration
• Centripetal acceleration is radial: a=v^2/r=ω^2r=4π^2r/T^2. • Direction is radially toward the centre of the circle.
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Learning objective
A.2.24—Centripetal force
• Circular motion is caused by a centripetal force acting perpendicular to the velocity.
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Learning objective
A.2.25—Direction change in circular motion
• A centripetal force causes the body to change direction even if its magnitude of velocity may remain constant.
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Learning objective
A.2.26—Angular and linear speed
• Circular motion relation: v=2πr/T=ωr. • Use angular velocity ω and period T to link angular and linear descriptions.
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