Learning objective
8.1.1—Population inputs
• Births and immigration • Crude birth rate, immigration rate
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8.1 Human populations
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Learning objective
8.1.2—Population outputs
• Deaths and emigration are outputs from a human population • Crude death rate (number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population per year) and emigration rate (number of emigrants per 1 • The rates can be used at a variety of scales—from small urban areas, like a town, to a country to a region or to the global population
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8.1.3—Population dynamics metrics
• Population dynamics can be quantified and analysed by calculating total fertility rate, life expectancy, doubling time and natural increase • Total fertility rate is the average number of births per woman of childbearing age • Life expectancy is the average number of years that a person can be expected to live, usually from birth, if demographic factors remain unchanged • Doubling time is the number of years it would take a population to double its size at its current growth rate; it can be calculated by using the rule of 70
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8.1.4—Global population growth models
• The global human population has followed a rapid growth curve • Models are used to predict the growth of the future global human population • UN projection models indicate three scenarios linked to future fertility rates • There is uncertainty about how future human fertility rates may change, leading to the three scenarios in the models
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8.1.5—Direct population policies
• Population and migration policies can be employed to directly manage growth rates of human populations • These may be anti-natalist or pro-natalist, thereby directly addressing birth rates, or they may address immigration and emigration • These policies may use a variety of cultural, religious, economic, social and political factors to achieve their aims • Include: named examples
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8.1.6—Indirect population policies
• Human population growth can also be managed indirectly through economic, social, health, development and other policies that have an impact on births, deaths or migration • Many development policies addressing areas such as, but not limited to, gender equality, education, improvements in public health and welfare will indirectly affect births • Include: two named examples
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8.1.7—Age-sex pyramids
• The composition of human populations can be modelled and compared using age–sex pyramids • The pyramid is measured in absolute numbers or as a percentage of the total population • It shows the proportion of the population of either gender in each age group
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8.1.8—Demographic transition model
• DTM describes changing birth and death rates through stages of development • Used to analyse population change over time
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