Learning objective
8.3.1—Urban air pollutants
• NOx, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, particulate matter • PM2.5 (≤2.5 µm), PM10 (≤10 µm)
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Course review
8.3 Urban air pollution
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Learning objective
8.3.2—Primary pollutant sources
• Natural: forest fires, dust, volcanic eruptions • Anthropogenic: burning for clearance, fossil fuels, construction dust
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Learning objective
8.3.3—Fossil fuel combustion
• Most common urban air pollutants • Primary: PM2.5, PM10, CO, SO₂ • Secondary: tropospheric ozone
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Learning objective
8.3.4—Management strategies
• Public transportation, cycling infrastructure, trees • Green walls, catalytic converters, pedestrianized areas
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Learning objective
8.3.5—Acid rain formation
• NOx + SO₂ react with water and oxygen • Produces nitric and sulfuric acid
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Learning objective
8.3.6—Acid rain impacts
• Terrestrial: soil leaching, toxification, foliage damage • Freshwater: toxicity, impacts on fish/invertebrates • Buildings: corrosion of marble, limestone, steel • Human health: tissue damage, lung inflammation
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Learning objective
8.3.7—Acid rain management
• Alter human activity (alternative energy) • Control at release (scrubbers, catalytic converters) • Restore damaged systems (healthcare, lake treatment)
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Learning objective
8.3.8 (HL)—Photochemical smog
• Sunlight acts on primary pollutants → secondary pollutants • Primary: NOx, VOCs • Secondary: PANs, tropospheric ozone
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Learning objective
8.3.9 (HL)—Smog intensification factors
• Meteorological: abundant insolation, reduced wind, temperature inversion • Topographical: mountains, high buildings
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Learning objective
8.3.10 (HL)—Tropospheric ozone direct impacts
• Biological: plant damage, eye irritation, respiratory illnesses • Physical: fabric and rubber damage
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Learning objective
8.3.11 (HL)—Tropospheric ozone indirect impacts
• Societal costs, lost economic output • Healthcare system impacts, reduced workforce • Disproportionate impact on poorer communities
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