Course review

6.3 Climate change—mitigation and adaptation

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Learning objective

6.3.1—Global action required

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• Avoid catastrophic climate change • International cooperation needed

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Learning objective

6.3.2—Decarbonization

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• Reduce/end CO₂-emitting energy sources • Replace with renewable energy • Carbon neutrality goals

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Learning objective

6.3.3—Mitigation strategies

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• Reduce global warming: household changes, geoengineering • Reduce GHG production: energy efficiency, renewables, food changes, carbon tax • Remove CO₂: carbon sinks, rewilding, afforestation, carbon capture

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Learning objective

6.3.4—Adaptation strategies

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• Structural: flood defences, desalination, movable infrastructure • Non-structural: agricultural adaptation, vaccination, land zoning, building codes

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Learning objective

6.3.5—Adaptation plans

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• National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs) • Individual to society scale

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Learning objective

6.3.6 (HL)—Response types

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• Led by governments or non-governmental stakeholders • Economic measures: carbon pricing, emissions trading, subsidies, tariffs • Legislation: reduce carbon emissions • Goal setting: B Corp, company goals • Personal changes: reduce waste, meat, energy consumption

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Learning objective

6.3.7 (HL)—UN role

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• UNFCCC, IPCC, COP summits • Stabilize GHG concentrations • Kigali Amendment controls HCFCs

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Learning objective

6.3.8 (HL)—IPCC emissions scenarios

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• Five scenarios for future GHG emissions • Targets to reduce catastrophic change risk

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Learning objective

6.3.9 (HL)—Technology development

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• Aid climate change mitigation

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Learning objective

6.3.10 (HL)—Climate action barriers

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• There are challenges to overcome in implementing climate management and intervention strategies • Include: the following challenges and barriers • Lack of belief that climate change is a serious problem • Lack of financial resources or planning strategies from national governments

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Learning objective

6.3.11 (HL)—Geoengineering

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• Geoengineering is a mitigation strategy for climate change, treating the symptom not the cause • Geoengineering is a deliberate and large-scale intervention in the Earth’s climate system, including but not limited to measures such as space mirrors, ocean fertilization • However, it has disadvantages, such as potential high costs, uncertainty of impacts, political hesitancy, lack of convincing trials and the potential for geopolitical conflict • Consider: arguments for and against the potential of geoengineering

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Learning objective

6.3.12 (HL)—Stakeholders and climate perspectives

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• A range of stakeholders play an important role in changing perspectives on climate change • Consider: how a range of stakeholders can influence an individual’s perspectives on climate change • For example, stakeholders can include a charismatic individual, a local community group, NGOs, media and educational institutions

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Learning objective

6.3.13 (HL)—Variation in climate perspectives

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• Perspectives on the necessity, practicality and urgency of action on climate change will vary between individuals and between societies • Consider: differences in perspective between age groups, developed and developing societies, coastal and inland communities, and economies that profit from fossil fuels

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Learning objective

6.3.14 (HL)—Climate tragedy of the commons

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• The concept of the tragedy of the commons suggests that catastrophic climate change is likely unless there is international cooperation on an unprecedented scale • The atmosphere is common to all, but when one nation benefits from an action that harms the atmosphere (e.g., burning of fossil fuels), the costs are shared by all nations • The reverse scenario is also true: the costs of restoring the atmosphere (e.g., by carbon capture and storage) might be borne by a single nation

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