Course review
Review each learning objective in this topic, then open its concept explanation or question set.
Learning objective
• Capillaries are narrow, highly branched, and close to cells • One-cell-thick endothelial walls reduce diffusion distance • Fenestrations in some capillaries allow rapid exchange and tissue fluid formation
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Learning objective
• Arteries and veins have endothelium, smooth muscle, elastic tissue, and collagen • Arteries have thicker walls and smaller lumens to withstand high pressure • Veins have wider lumens and thinner walls for low-pressure return
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Learning objective
• Thick artery walls and collagen prevent rupture under high pressure • Elastic fibres stretch and recoil to even out pulse pressure and maintain flow • Smooth muscle in arteries and arterioles regulates blood distribution
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Learning objective
• Ventricular contraction creates a pressure wave felt as a pulse • Pulse rate can be measured at radial or carotid arteries • Counting for a full minute is most accurate; shorter counts can be scaled
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Learning objective
• Veins have valves that prevent backflow toward capillaries • Thin flexible walls allow surrounding muscles to compress veins • Large lumens reduce friction during low-pressure blood return
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Learning objective
• Atherosclerosis forms plaques beneath damaged coronary artery endothelium • Plaque rupture can trigger thrombosis and occlude coronary arteries • Reduced oxygen supply can kill cardiac muscle and cause myocardial infarction
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Learning objective
• Transpiration from leaf mesophyll creates tension in xylem water columns • Cohesion between water molecules transmits tension from leaves to roots • Adhesion to xylem walls helps maintain an unbroken transpiration stream
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Learning objective
• Mature xylem vessels are dead, hollow tubes with absent or perforated end walls • Lignified walls resist collapse under negative pressure and waterproof the vessel • Pits allow lateral movement of water between vessels and surrounding tissues
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Learning objective
• Dicot stems have epidermis, cortex, pith, and vascular bundles in a ring • Each vascular bundle contains xylem, phloem, cambium, and supporting fibres • Plan diagrams show tissue positions without drawing individual cells
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Learning objective
• Dicot roots have epidermis with root hairs, cortex, endodermis, and central vascular tissue • Xylem forms a central cross with phloem between its arms • The Casparian strip blocks apoplast flow and forces selective symplast entry to xylem
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