Course review
Review each learning objective in this topic, then open its concept explanation or question set.
Learning objective
• Water forms hydration shells around ions and polar solutes • Hydrogen bonding and charge attraction reduce free water movement
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Learning objective
• Water moves by osmosis across partially permeable membranes • It moves from hypotonic/lower solute solutions toward hypertonic/higher solute solutions
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Learning objective
• Osmosis direction depends on internal and external solute concentration • Isotonic conditions have dynamic water movement but no net osmosis
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Learning objective
• Plant tissue changes mass or length when placed in sucrose solutions • Percentage change graphs estimate isotonic/osmotic concentration
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Learning objective
• Animal cells can lyse in hypotonic solutions and crenate in hypertonic solutions • Freshwater protists use contractile vacuoles to expel excess water
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Learning objective
• Plant cells become turgid in hypotonic solutions as vacuoles swell • Hypertonic solutions cause flaccidity and plasmolysis from water loss
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Learning objective
• Isotonic saline prevents harmful water gain or loss in body cells • IV fluids and transplant organ baths must match tissue osmotic concentration
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Learning objective
• Water potential is potential energy of water per unit volume, measured in kPa • Pure water at standard conditions has water potential of 0 kPa
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Learning objective
• Water moves from higher water potential to lower water potential • Solutes lower water potential by restricting water molecule movement
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Learning objective
• Water potential equals solute potential plus pressure potential • Solute potential is zero or negative; pressure potential is often positive in walled cells
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Learning objective
• Water entering plant cells increases pressure potential and dilutes solutes • Water leaving plant cells lowers pressure potential and makes solute potential more negative
Start with the concept explanation, then practise to create mastery evidence.