Practice AP Environmental Science questions on primary and secondary succession, pioneer species, keystone species, restoration data, ecosystem recovery, and changing species…
Respond to parts A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, and J.
Droughts are one environmental problem that can affect the frequency and severity of forest
fires. Identify the ecological process that occurs following a forest fire that leaves the soil
intact.
Two restoration methods designed to reclaim the overburden piles removed from open pit coal mines in temperate forests of eastern Europe were studied over several years. The first method was spontaneous restoration, where the soil and rock were dumped in noncompacted, random piles and not replanted with vegetation. The second method was technical restoration, where the land was leveled by heavy machinery, organic material was added, and eight plant species were added. Technical restoration started 5 years after the piles were formed, so no bar is included in the 1-5 year range in the graph.
Number of Plant Species in Spontaneous and Technically Restored Overburden Piles over Time
Based on the data in the graph, identify the average number of species found in technically restored piles 16-25 years after restoration started.
Based on the data in the graph, describe the relationship between the average number of species and the age of the spontaneous restoration piles.
Scientists hypothesized that after 35 years, the number of animal species in the spontaneously restored piles would be higher than the number of animal species in the technically restored piles.
Using the data in the graph, make a claim that supports or refutes the hypothesis that the number of animal species in the spontaneously restored piles would be higher than the number of animal species in the technically restored piles.
Describe a characteristic of a plant species that would have been present in the spontaneous restoration piles from years 1 to 5.
Explain how the return of plant life would have been altered in the spontaneous piles if the mining had taken place in the tundra rather than in temperate forests.
Limiting runoff on disturbed land improves soil and water quality. To model water runoff, students set up three large plastic trays and filled each tray with loam soil to 1 centimeter below the edge. Loam soil is a balance of sand, silt, and clay soil. One tray was seeded with wheatgrass and grown for 30 days, one tray was covered with small wood chips, and one tray was soil only. Five hundred milliliters of water was sprinkled evenly onto the soil surface of each tray. All three trays were placed on a slight slope, and water that ran off the surface was collected. The results are shown in the following table.
