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Unit 4: Clinical psychology and psychological skills

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  1. Topic H: Clinical psychology

    1. 8.1.1Definitions of abnormality

      8.1.1 Definitions of abnormality:; the history of abnormality; statistical infrequency definition; failure to function adequately including Rosenhan and Seligman, 1989.

    2. 8.1.2Classification systems

      8.1.2 Classification systems:; ICD (ICD10 and ICD 11 when revised – 2017); DSM including DSM IVR and DSM V.

    3. 8.1.3Debates in diagnosis

      8.1.3 Debates in diagnosis:; cultural issues in diagnosis; reliability in diagnosis; validity in diagnosis.; Mental health disorders, symptoms, features, explanations.

    4. 8.1.4Schizophrenia symptoms and explanations

      8.1.4 Schizophrenia:; description of symptoms and features, including thought insertion, hallucinations, delusions, disordered thinking; the function of neurotransmitters as a theory/explanation; one other biological theory/explanation of schizophrenia.

    5. 8.1.5Other mental health disorder

      8.1.5 One other mental health disorder, symptoms, features, explanations selected from unipolar depression OR anorexia nervosa:; description of symptoms and features; two different explanations for the disorder (one biological, one non-biological). 40 Treatment and therapy.

    6. 8.1.6Therapies for schizophrenia

      8.1.6 Therapy for schizophrenia:; drug therapy; family therapy.

    7. 8.1.7Therapies for depression or anorexia

      8.1.7 Therapy for unipolar depression OR anorexia nervosa:; drug therapy; cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT).

    8. 8.2.1Rosenhan (1973) sane in insane places

      8.2.1 Rosenhan (1973) On being sane in insane places.; Contemporary study relating to schizophrenia.

    9. 8.2.2Suzuki et al. (2014) schizophrenia and undernutrition

      8.2.2 Suzuki et al. (2014) High prevalence of underweight and undernutrition in Japanese inpatients with schizophrenia.; One from a choice of two contemporary studies, choosing one that suits the chosen 'other' disorder: Unipolar depression.

    10. 8.2.3Hans and Hiller (2013) CBT for unipolar depression

      8.2.3 Hans and Hiller (2013) Effectiveness of and drop out from outpatient cognitive-behavioural therapy for adult unipolar depression: A meta-analysis of nonrandomised effectiveness studies.

    11. 8.2.4Ma, Quan and Liu (2014) social support and depression

      8.2.4 Ma, Quan and Liu (2014) Mediating effect of social support on the relationship between self-evaluation and depression.; Anorexia nervosa.

    12. 8.2.5Becker et al. (2002) television and eating attitudes

      8.2.5 Becker et al. (2002) Eating behaviours and attitudes following prolonged exposure to television among ethnic Fijian adolescent girls.

    13. 8.2.6Reichel et al. (2014) anorexia and body pictures

      8.2.6 Reichel et al. (2014) 'Glass fairies' and 'bone children': Adolescents and young adults with anorexia nervosa show positive reactions towards extremely emaciated body pictures measured by the body startle reflex paradigm.

    14. 8.3.1Research methods in clinical psychology

      8.3.1 The use of research methods methods in psychology when carrying out research in clinical psychology:.; research methods from units 1 and 2 as appropriate.; randomised controlled trials (RCTs) related to clinical psychology.; neuroimaging, including structural and functional brain scanning related to clinical psychology.

    15. 8.3.2Published research conventions

      8.3.2 Conventions of published psychological research: abstract, introduction, aims and hypotheses, method, results, discussion; the process of peer review.

    16. 8.3.3HCPC guidelines

      8.3.3 Awareness of Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC) guidelines for clinical practitioners.

    17. 8.3.4Decision making and data interpretation

      8.3.4 Decision making and interpretation of data:; List A from Topic A as appropriate; List B from Topic B as appropriate.

    18. 8.3.5Clinical research evaluation

      8.3.5 Evaluation of research in clinical psychology:; issues of reliability, validity, generalisability, credibility, objectivity, subjectivity, ethics and practical application of findings as appropriate. 8.4 Practical Investigation.

    19. 8.4.1Clinical psychology content analysis

      8.4.1 One practical research exercise to gather data relevant to topics covered in clinical psychology - a content analysis that explores attitudes to mental health.; This practical research exercise must adhere to ethical principles in both content and intention.; In conducting the practical research exercise, learners must:; perform a content analysis; analyse at least two sources (such as radio interviews, newspapers, magazines) to compare attitudes towards mental health; make design decisions when planning and gathering sources for a content analysis, including credibility of secondary data, ethical considerations, controls and reliability; collect, present and comment on sources gathered; consider strengths and weaknesses of a content analysis and possible design improvements; complete the procedure, results and discussion section of a report.; ; Comparing how attitudes to mental health have changed over time.; ; How different sources report mental health. 42.

  2. Topic I: Psychological skills

    1. 9.1.1 Types of data: qualitative and quantitative data; primary and secondary data.

    2. 9.1.2 Sampling techniques: random, stratified, volunteer and opportunity.

    3. 9.1.3 Experimental/research designs: independent groups, repeated measures and matched pairs.

    4. 9.1.4 Hypotheses: null, alternate, experimental; directional and non-directional.

    5. 9.1.5 Questionnaires and interviews: open, closed (including ranked scale questions); structured, semi-structured and unstructured interviews; self-report data.

    6. 9.1.6 Experiments: laboratory and field; independent and dependent variables.

    7. 9.1.7 Observations: tallying, event and time sampling, covert, overt, participant, non-participant, structured observations, naturalistic observations.; Gathering both qualitative and quantitative data.

    8. 9.1.8 Correlation research: type of correlation: positive, negative and use of correlations including issues with cause and effect and other variables.

    9. 9.1.9 Additional research methods and techniques: twin studies and aggression, animal experiments, case studies as used in different areas of psychology including case studies of brain-damaged patients in relation to memory, brain scanning/neuroimaging (CAT, PET, fMRI), randomised controlled trials (RCTs), content analysis, clinical interviewing, ethnographic fieldwork when getting data with children, longitudinal and cross-sectional research, cross-cultural and meta-analysis.

    10. 9.1.10 Control issues: counterbalancing, randomising, order effects, experimenter/researcher effects, social desirability, demand characteristics, participant variables, situational variables, extraneous variables, confounding variables, operationalisation of variables.

    11. 9.1.11 Descriptive statistics (List A):; measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode), frequency tables, summary tables, graphs (bar chart, histogram, scatter diagram), normal distribution, skewed distribution, sense checking data, measures of dispersion (range, standard deviation) and percentages; produce, handle, interpret data; draw comparisons including the mean of two sets of data.; Learners do not need to know formulae but are expected to be competent in mathematical steps.

    12. 9.1.12 Inferential statistics (List B):; levels of measurement, appropriate choice of statistical test; the criteria for and use of the Wilcoxon, Spearman’s, chi-squared (for difference) tests; directional and non-directional testing; use of critical value tables, one- and two-tailed testing.; levels of significance, including knowledge of standard statistical terminology such as p equal to or greater than (p≤.10 p≤.05 p≤.01); rejecting hypotheses, type I and type II errors, the relationship between significance levels and p values; observed and critical values.

    13. 9.1.13 Methodological issues: validity (internal, predictive, ecological), reliability, generalisability, objectivity, subjectivity, credibility.

    14. 9.1.14 Analysis of qualitative data — thematic analysis.

    15. 9.1.15 Conventions of published psychological research: abstract, introduction, aims and hypotheses, method, results, discussion, the process of peer review.

    16. 9.1.16 Ethical issues in research using humans (BPS Code of Ethics and Conduct, 2009), including risk assessment when carrying out research in psychology.; The UNCRC and participation versus protection rights when researching with children and ethical issues when children are the participants.; Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC).

    17. 9.1.17 Ethical issues in research using animals (Scientific Procedures Act 1986 and Home Office Regulations). 44 9.2 Key questions in society.

    18. 9.2.1 Key questions for society using concepts, theories or research from one or more of topics A to H (except topics F and G).

    19. 9.3.1 Ethical issues in research (animal and human).

    20. 9.3.2 Practical issues in the design and implementation of research.

    21. 9.3.3 Reductionism versus holism when researching human behaviour.

    22. 9.3.4 Ways of explaining behaviour using different approaches, models or theories.

    23. 9.3.5 The issue of psychology as a science.

    24. 9.3.6 Cultural and gender issues in psychological research.

    25. 9.3.7 The role of both nature and nurture in psychology.

    26. 9.3.8 An understanding of how psychology has developed over time.

    27. 9.3.9 The use of psychology in social control.

    28. 9.3.10 The use of psychological knowledge in society.

    29. 9.3.11 Issues relating to socially sensitive research.