2.12—The shapes of s and p orbitals

Be able to describe the shapes of s and p orbitals.

Use —the shapes of s and p orbitals to connect the rule to the data and decision in the question.

This matters because —the shapes of s and p orbitals determines what can be inferred or chosen; begin with the stated conditions and keep the conclusion tied to the evidence.

Example: apply —the shapes of s and p orbitals to one small, clearly defined case, show the key step or comparison, and explain the result in words.

Boundary: —The shapes of s and p orbitals is not a universal recommendation. Check the syllabus scope, assumptions, units and the limits of the evidence before generalising.