15.8—The reactions of carbonyl compounds with: i Fehling’s or Benedict’s solution, Tollens’ reagent and acidified dichromate(VI)

Understand the reactions of carbonyl compounds with: i Fehling’s or Benedict’s solution, Tollens’ reagent and acidified dichromate(VI) ions In equations, the oxidising agent can be represented as [O]. ii lithium tetrahydridoaluminate(III) (lithium aluminium hydride) in dry ether (ethoxyethane) In equations, the reducing agent can be represented by [H]. iii HCN, in the presence of KCN, as a nucleophilic addition reaction, using curly arrows, relevant lone pairs, dipoles and evidence of optical activity to show the mechanism iv 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPH), as a qualitative test for the presence of a carbonyl group and to identify a carbonyl compound given data of the melting temperatures of derivatives The equation for this reaction is not required. v iodine in the presence of alkali (the iodoform test).

Use —the reactions of carbonyl compounds with: i fehling’s or benedict’s solution, tollens’ reagent and acidified dichromate(vi) to connect the rule to the data and decision in the question.

This matters because —the reactions of carbonyl compounds with: i fehling’s or benedict’s solution, tollens’ reagent and acidified dichromate(vi) determines what can be inferred or chosen; begin with the stated conditions and keep the conclusion tied to the evidence.

Example: apply —the reactions of carbonyl compounds with: i fehling’s or benedict’s solution, tollens’ reagent and acidified dichromate(vi) to one small, clearly defined case, show the key step or comparison, and explain the result in words.

Boundary: —The reactions of carbonyl compounds with: i Fehling’s or Benedict’s solution, Tollens’ reagent and acidified dichromate(VI) is not a universal recommendation. Check the syllabus scope, assumptions, units and the limits of the evidence before generalising.