21.2.3—The use of four diodes (bridge rectifier) for the full-wave rectification of

In a bridge rectifier, two diodes conduct on each half-cycle so current through the load keeps the same direction.

Trace the conducting pair for positive and negative input halves, then identify the doubled ripple frequency.

The bridge produces full-wave pulsating output without a centre-tapped transformer, though two diode drops appear in each conducting path.

All four diodes do not conduct simultaneously in the ideal bridge, and rectification alone does not remove ripple.