6.5.1—Hypothesis tests

Set H₀ and H₁, choose a significance level, calculate a test statistic under H₀ and reject only when the result lies in the specified critical region or has p≤α.

Match one- or two-tailed wording, retain the parameter context and report the decision rather than claiming certainty.

A two-sided p-value of 0.04 rejects H₀ at 5% but not at 1%.

A p-value is not the probability that H₀ is true, and failure to reject is not proof of equality.