9.2.5—Inclusive growth

Inclusive growth is growth that improves opportunities and living standards broadly, especially for groups or regions otherwise excluded from productive participation.

It can involve access to education, health, finance, infrastructure, decent work and anti-discrimination, not just redistribution after growth occurs. Measure both aggregate output and who gains, over what time horizon.

A transport link plus vocational training can connect a neglected region to jobs and markets; a national GDP increase concentrated in one city is growth but not necessarily inclusive.

Inclusive does not mean every person receives the same income, and a transfer alone may not remove the structural barrier causing exclusion.