P3.8—Errors, uncertainty, improvements and extensions

Random error causes scatter and can be reduced by repeats; systematic error shifts results in one direction and is not fixed by averaging. Uncertainty states the plausible range around a measurement.

Name the control variable or instrument, explain its effect on the result, then propose an achievable change such as a better resolution instrument, insulation, calibration or wider repeat set.

Heat loss in a thermometric experiment makes the measured temperature rise too small; use an insulated cup and extrapolate to the mixing time rather than merely repeating the same flawed setup.

“Use more accurate equipment” is incomplete unless the source of error and the changed measurement are specified.