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CAIE A-Level Biology 14.2.3 Guard Cell Structure and Function

Practise tracing proton pumping, potassium and anion uptake, reduced guard-cell water potential and osmosis to turgor, unequal wall expansion and stomatal opening.

Syllabus
2028–2030
Course
Biology 9700
Level
A2

Exam points

  • link thick inner and thin outer walls with curved separation as guard cells become turgid
  • trace proton pumping and potassium/anion uptake to lower guard-cell water potential
  • explain osmotic water entry and turgor opening, then reverse movements for closure

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