1. States of matter

1.1 Solids, liquids and gases

1.2 Diffusion

2. Atoms, elements and compounds

2.1 Elements, compounds and mixtures

2.2 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table

2.3 Isotopes

2.4 Ions and ionic bonds

2.5 Simple molecules and covalent bonds

2.6 Giant covalent structures

2.7 Metallic bonding

3. Stoichiometry

3.1 Formulae

3.2 Relative masses of atoms and molecules

3.3 The mole and the Avogadro constant

4. Electrochemistry

4.1 Electrolysis

4.2 Hydrogen–oxygen fuel cells

5. Chemical energetics

5.1 Exothermic and endothermic reactions

6. Chemical reactions

6.1 Physical and chemical changes

6.2 Rate of reaction

6.3 Reversible reactions and equilibrium

6.4 Redox

7. Acids, bases and salts

7.1 The characteristic properties of acids and bases

7.2 Oxides

7.3 Preparation of salts

8. The Periodic Table

8.1 Arrangement of elements

8.2 Group I properties

8.3 Group VII properties

8.4 Transition elements

8.5 Noble gases

9. Metals

9.1 Properties of metals

9.2 Uses of metals

9.3 Alloys and their properties

9.4 Reactivity series

9.5 Corrosion of metals

9.6 Extraction of metals

10. Chemistry of the environment

10.1 Water

10.2 Fertilisers

10.3 Air quality and climate

11. Organic chemistry

11.1 Formulae, functional groups and terminology

11.2 Naming organic compounds

11.3 Fuels

11.4 Alkanes

11.5 Alkenes

11.6 Alcohols

11.7 Carboxylic acids

11.8 Polymers

11.8.1—Polymers as large molecules built up

11.8.2—Formation of poly(ethene) as an

11.8.3—Plastics are made from polymers

11.8.4—Properties of plastics have

11.8.5—Environmental challenges caused by

11.8.6—Repeat units and/or linkages in

11.8.7—Deduce the structure or repeat unit of

11.8.8—Deduce the structure or repeat unit of

11.8.9—Differences between addition and

11.8.10—And draw the structure of: (a) nylon

11.8.11—PET can be converted back into

11.8.12—Proteins as natural polyamides and

11.8.13—And draw the structure of proteins as

12. Experimental techniques and chemical analysis

12.1 Experimental design

12.2 Acid–base titrations

12.3 Chromatography

12.4 Separation and purification

12.5 Identification of ions and gases

IGCSE Chemistry Extended 11.8.12—Proteins as natural polyamides and Question Bank

• Describe proteins as natural polyamides and that they are formed from amino acid monomers with the general structure: H O H OH N H C C R where R represents different types of side- chain

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