1. States of matter

1.1 Solids, liquids and gases

1.2 Diffusion

2. Atoms, elements and compounds

2.1 Elements, compounds and mixtures

2.2 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table

2.3 Isotopes

2.4 Ions and ionic bonds

2.5 Simple molecules and covalent bonds

2.6 Giant covalent structures

2.7 Metallic bonding

3. Stoichiometry

3.1 Formulae

3.2 Relative masses of atoms and molecules

3.3 The mole and the Avogadro constant

4. Electrochemistry

4.1 Electrolysis

4.2 Hydrogen–oxygen fuel cells

5. Chemical energetics

5.1 Exothermic and endothermic reactions

6. Chemical reactions

6.1 Physical and chemical changes

6.2 Rate of reaction

6.3 Reversible reactions and equilibrium

6.4 Redox

7. Acids, bases and salts

7.1 The characteristic properties of acids and bases

7.2 Oxides

7.3 Preparation of salts

8. The Periodic Table

8.1 Arrangement of elements

8.2 Group I properties

8.3 Group VII properties

8.4 Transition elements

8.5 Noble gases

9. Metals

9.1 Properties of metals

9.2 Uses of metals

9.3 Alloys and their properties

9.4 Reactivity series

9.5 Corrosion of metals

9.6 Extraction of metals

10. Chemistry of the environment

10.1 Water

10.2 Fertilisers

10.3 Air quality and climate

11. Organic chemistry

11.1 Formulae, functional groups and terminology

11.2 Naming organic compounds

11.3 Fuels

11.4 Alkanes

11.5 Alkenes

11.6 Alcohols

11.7 Carboxylic acids

11.8 Polymers

12. Experimental techniques and chemical analysis

12.1 Experimental design

12.2 Acid–base titrations

12.3 Chromatography

12.4 Separation and purification

12.5 Identification of ions and gases

IGCSE Chemistry 2.3 Isotopes Question Bank

[Maximum number: 9]

This question is about the structures of atoms and ions.

(a)

(i)

Complete the table to show the number of protons, neutrons and electrons present in atoms of ${ }_{12}^{24} \mathrm{Mg}$ and ${ }_{12}^{26} \mathrm{Mg}$ .

[ 2 ]

(ii)

What term is used to describe atoms of the same element, such as ${ }_{12}^{24} \mathrm{Mg}$ and ${ }_{12}^{26} \mathrm{Mg}$ ?

[ 1 ]

(iii)

Explain why the chemical properties of ${ }_{12}^{24} \mathrm{Mg}$ and ${ }_{12}^{26} \mathrm{Mg}$ are the same.

[ 2 ]

(b)

Complete the table to identify the atoms and ions which have the following numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons.

[ 4 ]

(a)

The table gives information about atoms and ions A, B and C.

Complete the table.

[ 6 ]

[Maximum number: 5]

This question is about elements X, Y and Z.

(a)

An atom of element X is represented as ${ }_{16}^{34} \mathbf{X}$ .

[ 1 ]

(i)

What is the total number of particles in the nucleus of an atom of ${ }_{16}^{34} \mathbf{X}$ ?

[ 1 ]

(b)

(i)

What term is used to describe atoms of the same element with different numbers of particles in the nucleus?

[ 1 ]

(c)

Part of the definition of relative atomic mass is 'the average mass of naturally occurring atoms of an element'.

Some relative atomic masses are not whole numbers.
Element Y has only two different types of atom, ${ }^{69} \mathbf{Y}$ and ${ }^{71} \mathbf{Y}$ .
The ratio of atoms present in element Y is shown.

{ }^{69} \mathbf{Y}:{ }^{71} \mathbf{Y}=3: 2

- Calculate the relative atomic mass of element Y to one decimal place.
relative atomic mass =
- Identify element Y.

[ 3 ]

[Maximum number: 1]

The Periodic Table is very useful to chemists.
Refer only to elements with atomic numbers 1 to 36 in the Periodic Table provided when answering Question 1.

(a)

Use information from the Periodic Table provided to identify one element which:

[ 1 ]

(i)

has a relative atomic mass that shows it has at least two isotopes.

[ 1 ]

[Maximum number: 1]

The electronic structures of some atoms and ions are shown.

(a)

Use the Periodic Table to deduce:

[ 1 ]

(i)

the chemical symbol for ion G

[ 1 ]

[Maximum number: 3]

Atoms contain particles called electrons, neutrons and protons.

(a)

How many electrons, neutrons and protons are there in the ion shown?
${ }_{20}^{44} \mathrm{Ca}^{2+}$
number of electrons
number of neutrons
number of protons

[ 3 ]

[Maximum number: 2]

The table shows the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in particles A to I.

Answer the following questions about particles A to I. Each letter may be used once, more than once or not at all.

(a)

Explain why B and C are isotopes of the same element.

[ 2 ]

[Maximum number: 9]

Protons, neutrons and electrons are subatomic particles.

(a)

Bromine has two isotopes.

[ 4 ]

(i)

Define the term isotope.

[ 2 ]

(ii)

Explain why the two isotopes of bromine have the same chemical properties.

[ 2 ]

(b)

The table shows the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in some atoms and ions. Complete the table.

[ 5 ]

(a)

The following are isotopes of carbon.
${ }_{6}^{12} \mathrm{C}$ ${ }_{6}^{13} \mathrm{C}$ ${ }_{6}^{14} \mathrm{C}$

[ 4 ]

(i)

In terms of numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons, how are these three isotopes the same and how are they different?

They are the same because

They are different because

[ 3 ]

(ii)

Why do all isotopes of carbon have the same chemical properties?

[ 1 ]

[Maximum number: 6]

This question is about subatomic particles.

(a)

Complete the table to show the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the atoms and ions given.

[ 6 ]

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