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IB ESS 2.3.12 (HL) Lithosphere carbon stores

IB ESS 2.3.12 (HL) Lithosphere carbon stores
IB Environmental Systems and Societies syllabusESS SL/HLFirst assessment 2026

Practise explaining lithosphere carbon stores, including fossil fuels and carbonate rocks, and how long residence times affect carbon flows.

How this is tested

  • explain how fossil fuels and limestone act as long-term carbon stores in a carbon cycle model
  • predict how changing a lithosphere store may alter carbon flows and ecosystem impacts
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