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5. Economic development

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  1. 5.1. Living standards

    1. 5.1.1Indicators of living standards

      • real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per head • Human Development Index (HDI) and its components • advantages and disadvantages of real GDP per head and HDI as indicators

    2. 5.1.2Comparing living standards and income distribution

      • reasons for differences in living standards and income distribution within and between countries

  2. 5.2. Poverty

    1. 5.2.1Definitions of absolute and relative poverty

      • difference between absolute poverty and relative poverty

    2. 5.2.2Causes of poverty

      • unemployment • low wages • illness • age • environmental factors

    3. 5.2.3Policies to alleviate poverty and redistribute income

      • promoting economic growth • improved education • improved healthcare provision • more generous state benefits • progressive taxation • national minimum wage (NMW)

  3. 5.3. Population

    1. 5.3.1Factors that affect population growth

      • definitions of: • birth rate • death rate • net migration, immigration and emigration • how birth rates, death rates and net migration can vary between countries • reasons why birth rates, death rates and net migration rates can vary between countries

    2. 5.3.2The effects of changes in the size and structure of populations

      • the concept of an optimum population • the effects of increases and decreases in population size and changes in the age and gender distribution of population

  4. 5.4. Differences in economic development between countries

    1. 5.4.1

      • differences in: • income • productivity • population growth • size of primary, secondary and tertiary sectors • saving and investment • education • healthcare • natural resources