5. Economic development
- Syllabus
- 0455–2027–2028
- Section
- 5
- Level
- —
Exam analysis
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Recent 5 years
In this section
Topic 5.1
5.1. Living standards
Objectives in this topic
5.1.1—Indicators of living standards
- real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per head
- Human Development Index (HDI) and its components
- advantages and disadvantages of real GDP per head and HDI as indicators
5.1.2—Comparing living standards and income distribution
- reasons for differences in living standards and income distribution within and between countries
Topic 5.2
5.2. Poverty
Objectives in this topic
5.2.1—Definitions of absolute and relative poverty
- difference between absolute poverty and relative poverty
5.2.2—Causes of poverty
- unemployment
- low wages
- illness
- age
- environmental factors
5.2.3—Policies to alleviate poverty and redistribute income
- promoting economic growth
- improved education
- improved healthcare provision
- more generous state benefits
- progressive taxation
- national minimum wage (NMW)
Topic 5.3
5.3. Population
Objectives in this topic
5.3.1—Factors that affect population growth
- definitions of:
- birth rate
- death rate
- net migration, immigration and emigration
- how birth rates, death rates and net migration can vary between countries
- reasons why birth rates, death rates and net migration rates can vary between countries
5.3.2—The effects of changes in the size and structure of populations
- the concept of an optimum population
- the effects of increases and decreases in population size and changes in the age and gender distribution of population
Topic 5.4
5.4. Differences in economic development between countries
Objectives in this topic
5.4.1—Causes and consequences of international differences
- differences in:
- income
- productivity
- population growth
- size of primary, secondary and tertiary sectors
- saving and investment
- education
- healthcare
- natural resources