Course review
Review each learning objective in this topic, then open its concept explanation or question set.
Learning objective
• Studies production, distribution, consumption of goods/services • Supply and demand of resources
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Learning objective
• Economics applied to environment and environmental issues • Technocentric vs. ecocentric perspectives
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Learning objective
• Free market imposes negative environmental impacts • Example: factory pollution with no cost to polluter
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Learning objective
• Costs of pollution covered by polluter • Solutions: quotas, fines, taxes, tradeable permits, certification
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Learning objective
• Marketing as sustainable without changing practices • Example: oil companies claiming clean energy transition
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Learning objective
• Unclear property rights → overexploitation • Limitation of free market economics • Alternative approaches: Ostrom's shared pastures
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Learning objective
• Attach economic value to natural resources and depletion • Problematic to achieve consensus value
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Learning objective
• Use value: can be established • Non-use value: intrinsic, future use, intergenerational • Estimated by willingness to pay or accept compensation
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Learning objective
• Economy as subsystem of biosphere • Social system as subcomponent of ecology • Emphasizes sustainable use of natural capital
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Learning objective
• Greater emphasis in ecological economics • "Resource depleted" countries pay "resource rich" to preserve • Creates tensions between countries
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Learning objective
• Change in GDP (annual percentage) • Per capita GDP better for living standards assessment
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Learning objective
• Influenced by supply and demand • Linear economy, doesn't account for waste/pollution
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Learning objective
• Positive and negative effects • Can provide resources for protection or cause degradation • Raises environmental justice questions
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Learning objective
• Separating economic growth from environmental degradation • Absolute decoupling likely impossible • Relative decoupling: reduced degradation
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Learning objective
• Supports degrowth, zero growth, or slow growth • Planned reduction in consumption/production • Particularly in high-income countries
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Learning objective
• Difficulties: dismantling embedded systems • Measuring social/environmental well-being • Balance ecological footprint with biocapacity
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Learning objective
• Applications of ecological economics • Product stewardship • Address inequality and injustice
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