Learning objective
6.2.1—Climate definition
• Typical atmospheric conditions • Seasonal temperature and precipitation variations
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Course review
6.2 Climate change—causes and impacts
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Learning objective
6.2.2—Anthropogenic CO₂ emissions
• Atmospheric CO₂ concentration rising significantly • Accelerated since 1950 • Traced to Industrial Revolution (late 18th century)
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Learning objective
6.2.3—Ice core, tree ring, sediment data
• Positive correlation: atmospheric CO₂ and global temperatures • Data for past 800,000 years
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Learning objective
6.2.4—Enhanced greenhouse effect
• Anthropogenic GHG emissions • Led to global warming and climate change
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Learning objective
6.2.5—Climate change impacts on ecosystems
• Local to global scales • Affects resilience, leads to biome shifts • Examples: coral bleaching, desertification, ocean circulation changes
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Learning objective
6.2.6—Climate change impacts on societies
• Various scales and socio-economic conditions • Impacts resilience • Health, water supply, agriculture, infrastructure
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Learning objective
6.2.7—Climate change models
• Systems diagrams with feedback loops • Solar radiation variations, albedo changes, methane release
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Learning objective
6.2.8—Climate change planetary boundary
• Evidence suggests already passed
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Learning objective
6.2.9—Perspectives on climate change
• Influenced by many factors • Individual and societal levels
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Learning objective
6.2.10 (HL)—Climate data collection
• Weather stations, observatories, radar, satellites • Direct measurements: temperature, GHG concentrations • Indirect (proxies): ice core isotopes, dendrochronology, peat pollen
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Learning objective
6.2.11 (HL)—Global climate models
• Manipulate inputs to predict outputs • Uncertainty in inputs and outputs • Hindcasting: test validity
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Learning objective
6.2.12 (HL)—Climate model scenarios
• Predict impacts: sea-level rise, temperature, precipitation
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Learning objective
6.2.13 (HL)—Critical thresholds and tipping points
• Earth may approach critical threshold → new equilibrium • Examples: Antarctic ice sheet melting, Atlantic circulation slowing, Amazon-Cerrado transition
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Learning objective
6.2.14 (HL)—Tipping cascades
• Two or more tipping points interact • Predictions very uncertain
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Learning objective
6.2.15 (HL)—Climate justice
• Countries vary in responsibility and vulnerability • Least responsible often most vulnerable • Political, economic, equity implications
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