1Learning objective
4.3.1—Aquatic primary producers
New• Phytoplankton: microscopic photosynthetic plankton
• Macrophytes: visible aquatic plants
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2Learning objective
4.3.2—Human aquatic food consumption
New• Organisms from freshwater and marine environments
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3Learning objective
4.3.3—Increasing demand
New• Human population growth, dietary preference changes
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4Learning objective
4.3.4—Unsustainable harvesting practices
New• Bottom trawling, ghost fishing, poisons, explosives
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5Learning objective
4.3.5—Fishery collapse
New• Dramatic, lasting stock decrease
• Example: Newfoundland cod
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6Learning objective
4.3.6—Maximum sustainable yield (MSY)
New• Highest annual catch sustainable over time
• Used to set fishing quotas
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7Learning objective
4.3.7—Climate change impacts
New• Ocean acidification
• May cause population collapse in aquatic ecosystems
• Example: coral bleaching
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8Learning objective
4.3.8—Mitigation strategies
New• Policy legislation for fishing industry
• Consumer behaviour changes
• Permits, quotas, seasons, mesh size, zones, labelling
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9Learning objective
4.3.9—Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)
New• Support food chains, maintain sustainable yields
• Provide shelter and spawning grounds
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10Learning objective
4.3.10—Aquaculture
New• Farming of aquatic organisms
• Expanding for food supply and economic development
• Impacts: habitat loss, pollution, disease spread, escapees
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11Learning objective
4.3.11 (HL)—Water system interconnections
New• Productivity, thermal stratification, nutrient mixing/loading
• Highest productivity near coastlines and shallow seas
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12Learning objective
4.3.12 (HL)—Fish stock assessment
New• Required for conservation and sustainable use
• Monitoring harvest rates
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13Learning objective
4.3.13 (HL)—MSY risks
New• Estimated value, inevitably inaccurate
• Exceeding rate → positive feedback → rapid decline
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14Learning objective
4.3.14 (HL)—Overexploited species recovery
New• Requires cooperation: governments, industry, consumers, NGOs
• Measures: fishing bans, license limits, bycatch prevention
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15Learning objective
4.3.15 (HL)—UNCLOS
New• Exclusive economic zone: 370 km from coast
• High seas (60% of ocean): limited regulation
• Equity issues when countries sell fishing access
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16Learning objective
4.3.16 (HL)—Marine mammal harvesting ethics
New• Seals, whales, dolphins
• Animal rights vs. indigenous group rights
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