Learning objective
4.2.1—Water security definition
• Access to sufficient safe drinking water • Component of sustainable societies
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Course review
4.2 Water access, use and security
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Learning objective
4.2.2—Factors affecting water availability
• Social, cultural, economic, political factors • Impact availability and equitable access
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Learning objective
4.2.3—Water supply increase needs
• Population growth or economic development • Uses: domestic, irrigation, livestock, industry
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Learning objective
4.2.4—Increasing water supplies
• Dams, reservoirs, rainwater catchment, desalination plants • Natural wetland enhancement
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Learning objective
4.2.5—Water scarcity types
• Physical scarcity: limited abundance • Economic scarcity: limited storage/transport systems
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Learning objective
4.2.6—Domestic water conservation
• Metering, rationing, grey-water recycling • Low-flush toilets, rainwater harvesting
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Learning objective
4.2.7—Industrial water conservation
• Food production systems • Greenhouses, aquaponics, drip irrigation, drought-resistant crops
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Learning objective
4.2.8—Water scarcity mitigation strategies
• Country-specific management strategies
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Learning objective
4.2.9 (HL)—Freshwater planetary boundary
• Increasing demand causing water stress • Risk of abrupt/irreversible hydrological system changes
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Learning objective
4.2.10 (HL)—Governance for sustainability
• Local and global governance needed • Examples: local regulations, international agreements
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Learning objective
4.2.11 (HL)—Water footprints
• Measure of water use by individuals/nations/products • Informs decision-making about water security
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Learning objective
4.2.12 (HL)—Citizen science role
• Monitoring and managing water resources
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Learning objective
4.2.13 (HL)—Water stress definition
• Considers scarcity, quality, environmental flows, accessibility
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Learning objective
4.2.14 (HL)—Water stress threshold
• < 1,700 m³ per year per capita
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Learning objective
4.2.15 (HL)—Water stress causes
• Depend on socio-economic context
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Learning objective
4.2.16 (HL)—Transboundary disputes
• Water sources crossing regional boundaries
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Learning objective
4.2.17 (HL)—Industrial-level water stress solutions
• Dams, pipelines, desalination, water treatment plants • Aquifer storage and recovery (ASR)
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Learning objective
4.2.18 (HL)—Freshwater production impacts
• Negative environmental impacts • Brine discharges, noise, air pollution, aquifer impacts
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Learning objective
4.2.19 (HL)—Inequitable access impacts
• Negatively impacts health and sustainable development • Affects marginalized groups
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