• Preferential trade agreements can be bilateral, regional, or multilateral
• The World Trade Organization is the key multilateral trade institution
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2
Learning objective
4.4.2—Trading blocs
New
• Trading blocs include free trade areas, customs unions, and common markets
• They increase integration between member economies
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3
Learning objective
4.4.3—Advantages of trading blocs
New
• Advantages include wider market access, economies of scale, labour mobility, stronger bargaining power, political stability, and cooperation
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4
Learning objective
4.4.4—Disadvantages of trading blocs
New
• Disadvantages include loss of sovereignty and challenges to multilateral trade negotiations
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5
Learning objective
4.4.5—Monetary union
New
• Monetary union is a deeper form of economic integration
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6
Learning objective
4.4.6—World Trade Organization
New
• The WTO has objectives and functions linked to trade rules and negotiations
• WTO influence is affected by difficulty reaching agreement on services and primary products
• Unequal bargaining power between members affects WTO influence
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Mistakes
Start with the concept explanation, then practise to create mastery evidence.