Course review
Review each learning objective in this topic, then open its concept explanation or question set.
Learning objective
• Acid = proton donor • Base = proton acceptor • Deduce acid and base in a reaction; distinguish base and alkali
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Learning objective
• Differ by one proton • Deduce conjugate acid/base formulas
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Learning objective
• Can act as both acid and base • Write equations showing acid and base behaviour
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Learning objective
• pH = −log₁₀[H⁺] • [H⁺] = 10⁻ᵖᴴ • Calculate pH and [H+]; include universal indicator and pH probe use
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Learning objective
• Kw = [H⁺][OH⁻] • Acidic: [H⁺] > [OH⁻] • Neutral: [H⁺] = [OH⁻] • Basic: [H⁺] < [OH⁻] • Recognize acidic, neutral, and basic solutions from [H+] and [OH-]
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Learning objective
• Differ in extent of ionization • Equilibrium favors weaker conjugate • Distinguish strong/weak from concentrated/dilute
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Learning objective
• Acid + metal oxide/hydroxide/carbonate/hydrogencarbonate • Formulate equations and identify parent acids/bases of salts
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Learning objective
• Strong acid-strong base titrations • Characteristic shapes • Sketch and interpret intercept and equivalence point for monoprotic titrations
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Learning objective
• pOH = −log₁₀[OH⁻] • [OH⁻] = 10⁻ᵖᴼᴴ • pH + pOH = 14 (at 25°C) • Interconvert [H+], [OH-], pH, and pOH
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Learning objective
• Ka, Kb, pKa, pKb • Interpret relative acid/base strength from Ka, Kb, pKa, and pKb
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Learning objective
• Ka × Kb = Kw • Solve problems involving Ka, Kb, and Kw
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Learning objective
• pH depends on parent acid/base strength • Write ion hydrolysis equations and predict salt solution pH
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Learning objective
• Four combinations: strong-strong, strong-weak, weak-strong, weak-weak • Interpret buffer region and points where pH = pKa or pOH = pKb
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Learning objective
• Weak acids with colored conjugate pairs • Color change at pH ≈ pKa • Write indicator equilibria and include universal indicator as a mixture
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Learning objective
• End point coincides with equivalence point • Choose indicators from salt identity and indicator pH range; distinguish end point and equivalence point
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Learning objective
• Resist pH change • Acidic buffers: weak acid + conjugate base • Basic buffers: weak base + conjugate acid • Explain buffer action using weak acid/base conjugate systems
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Learning objective
• Buffer pH depends on pKa/pKb and acid/base to conjugate ratio • Solve buffer composition and pH problems using equilibrium constants • Explain the effect of dilution on buffer pH
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