What you’ll learn12 learning objectivesChoose one objective for a focused lesson, or study the complete topic.8.1.1Population inputs• Births and immigration• Crude birth rate, immigration rateSyllabus objective8.1.2Population outputs• Deaths and emigration are outputs from a human population• Crude death rate (number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population per year) and emigration rate (number of emigrants per 1• The rates can be used at a variety of scales—from small urban areas, like a town, to a country to a region or to the global populationSyllabus objective8.1.3Population dynamics metrics• Population dynamics can be quantified and analysed by calculating total fertility rate, life expectancy, doubling time and natural increase• Total fertility rate is the average number of births per woman of childbearing age• Life expectancy is the average number of years that a person can be expected to live, usually from birth, if demographic factors remain unchanged• Doubling time is the number of years it would take a population to double its size at its current growth rate; it can be calculated by using the rule of 70Syllabus objective8.1.4Global population growth models• The global human population has followed a rapid growth curve• Models are used to predict the growth of the future global human population• UN projection models indicate three scenarios linked to future fertility rates• There is uncertainty about how future human fertility rates may change, leading to the three scenarios in the modelsSyllabus objective8.1.5Direct population policies• Population and migration policies can be employed to directly manage growth rates of human populations• These may be anti-natalist or pro-natalist, thereby directly addressing birth rates, or they may address immigration and emigration• These policies may use a variety of cultural, religious, economic, social and political factors to achieve their aims• Include: named examplesSyllabus objective8.1.6Indirect population policies• Human population growth can also be managed indirectly through economic, social, health, development and other policies that have an impact on births, deaths or migration• Many development policies addressing areas such as, but not limited to, gender equality, education, improvements in public health and welfare will indirectly affect births• Include: two named examplesSyllabus objective8.1.7Age-sex pyramids• The composition of human populations can be modelled and compared using age–sex pyramids• The pyramid is measured in absolute numbers or as a percentage of the total population• It shows the proportion of the population of either gender in each age groupSyllabus objective8.1.8Demographic transition model• DTM describes changing birth and death rates through stages of development• Used to analyse population change over timeSyllabus objective8.1.9(HL)—Rapid population growth• Increased stress on Earth's systems• Related to biocapacity disparity and planetary boundariesSyllabus objective8.1.10(HL)—Age-sex pyramids• Determine dependency ratio and population momentum• Dependency ratio: dependent ages vs. productive ages (15-64)• Population momentum: growth continues despite fertility declineSyllabus objective8.1.11(HL)—DTM pattern analysis• Compare countries in different DTM stages• Historical, cultural, religious, economic, social, political factorsSyllabus objective8.1.12(HL)—Environmental migration• Climate change, drought, land degradation• Sudden onset: flooding, fires, storms• Slow onset: desertification, sea-level rise, saltwater inundationSyllabus objective
EduNinja