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Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry (9701)

1. Atomic structure

1.1 Particles in the atom and atomic radius

1.3 Electrons, energy levels and atomic orbitals

1.4 Ionisation energy

2. Atoms, molecules and stoichiometry

2.1 Relative masses of atoms and molecules

2.2 The mole and the Avogadro constant

2.4 Reacting masses and volumes (of solutions and gases)

3. Chemical bonding

3.1 Electronegativity and bonding

3.2 Ionic bonding

3.3 Metallic bonding

3.4 Covalent bonding and coordinate (dative covalent) bonding

3.5 Shapes of molecules

3.6 Intermolecular forces and bond properties

3.7 Dot-and-cross diagrams

4. States of matter

4.1 Gases: ideal, real and pV = nRT

4.2 Bonding and structure

5. Chemical energetics

5.1 Enthalpy change, ΔH

5.2 Hess’s law

6. Electrochemistry

6.1 Redox: electron transfer and oxidation number

7.1 Chemical equilibria and dynamic equilibrium

7.2 Brønsted–Lowry theory of acids and bases

8. Reaction kinetics

8.1 Rate of reaction

8.2 Temperature, rate and activation energy

8.3 Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts

9. The Periodic Table: chemical periodicity

9.1 Periodicity of physical properties of the elements in Period 3

9.2 Periodicity of chemical properties of the elements in Period 3

9.3 Chemical periodicity of other elements

10.1 Trends in Group 2 metals and compounds

11.1 Physical properties of the Group 17 elements

11.2 The chemical properties of the halogen elements and the hydrogen halides

11.3 Some reactions of the halide ions

11.4 The reactions of chlorine

12. Nitrogen and sulfur

12.1 Nitrogen and sulfur

13. An introduction to AS Level organic chemistry

AS organic chemistry conventions and functional group reference

13.1 Formulas, functional groups and nomenclature

13.2 Characteristic organic reactions

13.3 Shapes of organic molecules; σ and π bonds

13.4 Structural isomerism and stereoisomerism

14. Hydrocarbons

15. Halogen compounds

15.1 Halogenoalkanes

16. Hydroxy compounds

17. Carbonyl compounds

17.1 Aldehydes and ketones

18. Carboxylic acids and derivatives

18.1 Carboxylic acids

19. Nitrogen compounds

19.1 Primary amines

19.2 Nitriles and hydroxynitriles

20. Polymerisation

20.1 Addition polymerisation

21. Organic synthesis

21.1 Organic synthesis

22. Analytical techniques

22.1 Infrared spectroscopy

22.2 Mass spectrometry

23. Chemical energetics

23.1 Lattice energy and Born-Haber cycles

23.2 Enthalpies of solution and hydration

23.3 Entropy change, ΔS

23.4 Gibbs free energy change, ΔG

24. Electrochemistry

24.1 Electrolysis

24.2 Standard electrode potentials E ⦵ , standard cell potentials E ⦵ cell and the Nernst

25.1 Acids and bases

25.2 Partition coefficients

26. Reaction kinetics

26.1 Rate equations, orders and rate constants

26.2 Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts

27.1 Trends in Group 2 metals and compounds

28. Chemistry of transition elements

28.1 Physical and chemical properties of first-row transition elements

28.2 Chemical properties of first-row transition elements

28.3 Colour of complexes

28.4 Stereoisomerism in transition element complexes

28.5 Stability constants, K stab

29. An introduction to A Level organic chemistry

A Level organic chemistry conventions and functional group reference

29.1 Formulas, functional groups and nomenclature

29.2 Characteristic organic reactions

29.3 Shapes of aromatic organic molecules; σ and π bonds

29.4 Optical isomerism

30. Hydrocarbons

31. Halogen compounds

31.1 Halogen compounds

32. Hydroxy compounds

33. Carboxylic acids and derivatives

33.1 Carboxylic acids

33.3 Acyl chlorides

34. Nitrogen compounds

34.1 Primary and secondary amines

34.2 Phenylamine and azo compounds

34.4 Amino acids

35. Polymerisation

35.1 Condensation polymerisation

35.2 Predicting the type of polymerisation

35.3 Degradable polymers

36. Organic synthesis

36.1 Organic synthesis

37. Analytical techniques

37.1 Thin-layer chromatography

37.2 Gas / liquid chromatography

37.3 Carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy

37.4 Proton NMR spectroscopy

Practical assessment skills

Paper 3 Advanced Practical Skills

Paper 5 Planning, Analysis and Evaluation

Mathematical, structural convention and data skills

Mathematical requirements

Organic structure and mechanism conventions

Data section reference

Concept/A-Level CAIE Chemistry/23. Chemical energetics/23.3 Entropy change, ΔS

23.3 Entropy change, ΔS

Syllabus: 2028–2030
Topic: 23.3
Level: —

What you’ll learn

3 learning objectives

Choose one objective for a focused lesson, or study the complete topic.

Study checklist23.3 Entropy change, ΔS