4.7 Emotion

Explain how theories of emotion apply to behavior and mental processes.

• Emotion, or affect, is a complex psychological process that is distinguished from reasoning or knowledge. Emotions reflect internal and external factors affecting an individual. Early 20th century psychological theories of emotion parsed the distinction between the physiological and cognitive experiences of emotion. Some theories proposed that the physiological and cognitive experiences occurred in succession while others proposed that they occurred simultaneously. Other theories emphasize that the cognitive label is required to experience an emotion. The facial-feedback hypothesis suggests that the experience of emotion is influenced by facial expressions, which supports theories that propose the physiological experience of emotion precedes the cognitive appraisal, and research testing this hypothesis has produced mixed results.
  • Exclusion: Specific names of theories of emotion are outside the scope of the AP Psychology Exam.
• The broaden-and-build theory of emotion proposes that positive emotional experiences tend to broaden awareness and encourage new actions and thoughts. Negative emotions tend to reduce awareness and narrow thinking and action.

Explain how social norms and experiences influence the expression of emotions.

• Research has explored whether the expression of emotions is universally common. Some emotions that may be commonly experienced across cultures include anger, disgust, sadness, happiness, surprise, and fear. Research on the universality of emotions shows mixed results.
• Display rules and elicitors for emotional expression can differ among cultures. Display rules and elicitors may regulate how people from different genders, ages, or socioeconomic classes within a culture can display and interpret emotions. 106 AP PSYCHOLOGY UNIT 5 | Mental and Physical Health 15–25% AP EXAM WEIGHTING ~17–23 CLASS PERIODS 107 Remember to go to AP Classroom to assign students the online Progress Check for this unit. Whether assigned as homework or completed in class, the Progress Check provides each student with immediate feedback related to this unit’s topics and skills. Progress Check 5 Multiple-choice: ~30 questions Free-response: 1 question