3.11—Draw dot-and-cross diagrams to show electrons in covalent substances

Be able to draw dot-and-cross diagrams to show electrons in covalent substances, including: i molecules with single, double and triple bonds ii species with dative covalent (coordinate) bonds, including Al2Cl6 and the ammonium ion.

Use —draw dot-and-cross diagrams to show electrons in covalent substances to connect the rule to the data and decision in the question.

This matters because —draw dot-and-cross diagrams to show electrons in covalent substances determines what can be inferred or chosen; begin with the stated conditions and keep the conclusion tied to the evidence.

Example: apply —draw dot-and-cross diagrams to show electrons in covalent substances to one small, clearly defined case, show the key step or comparison, and explain the result in words.

Boundary: —Draw dot-and-cross diagrams to show electrons in covalent substances is not a universal recommendation. Check the syllabus scope, assumptions, units and the limits of the evidence before generalising.