10.8—The reactions of halogenoalkanes with: i aqueous alkali

Understand the reactions of halogenoalkanes with: i aqueous alkali, including KOH(aq) to produce alcohols (where the hydroxide ion acts as a nucleophile) ii ethanolic potassium hydroxide to produce alkenes by an elimination reaction (where the hydroxide ion acts as a base) iii aqueous silver nitrate in ethanol (where water acts as a nucleophile) iv alcoholic ammonia under pressure to produce amines (where the ammonia acts as a nucleophile) v alcoholic potassium cyanide to produce nitriles (where the cyanide ion acts as a nucleophile) Students should know this is an example of increasing the length of the carbon chain.

Use —the reactions of halogenoalkanes with: i aqueous alkali to connect the rule to the data and decision in the question.

This matters because —the reactions of halogenoalkanes with: i aqueous alkali determines what can be inferred or chosen; begin with the stated conditions and keep the conclusion tied to the evidence.

Example: apply —the reactions of halogenoalkanes with: i aqueous alkali to one small, clearly defined case, show the key step or comparison, and explain the result in words.

Boundary: —The reactions of halogenoalkanes with: i aqueous alkali is not a universal recommendation. Check the syllabus scope, assumptions, units and the limits of the evidence before generalising.