3P.5—Evaluating results, uncertainty and errors

A conclusion should state the pattern supported by the data and its uncertainty. Distinguish random variation, which repeats can reduce, from systematic error, which shifts all results in one direction.

Compare means or trends with the control, inspect spread and range, identify outliers cautiously and state whether the difference is large relative to uncertainty. Suggest a change that would test or reduce the named error.

If one extract gives a larger mean clear zone but error bars overlap strongly, report a possible difference rather than claiming certainty. Repeat with more standardised discs and larger samples to strengthen the inference.

“No significant-looking change” is not proof of no effect, and a single extreme value is not automatically an outlier. Explain the evidence and its limits.