EduNinjaWith reference to Figure 2, calculate the percentage of Kenya's electricity supply currently accounted for by renewable energy sources.
| Population (2010) | 40 million |
|---|---|
| Population growth rate | 2.6\% per year |
| People connected to electricity grid | 9.0\% |
| Traditional fuel consumption | 70.6\% of total energy |
| Electricity from oil | 23.0\% |
| Electricity from hydro-electricity | 68.0\% |
| Electricity from geothermal sources | 9.0\% |
Figure 2: Fact file on Kenya
In the table below, state two advantages and two disadvantages of using oil from fossil fuels as an energy source.
Table for advantages and disadvantages of using oil from fossil fuels as an energy source
Opponents say tar sands produce three times more greenhouse gas emissions than conventional fossil fuels; fossil fuels are burned to heat extraction water; underground carbon stores become available; oil produced is burned; boreal forest is cut down; wildlife is displaced or dies; only 10% of water taken from the Athabasca River is returned; toxic waste ponds may leak into river and groundwater; indigenous people may be displaced and face health impacts. Supporters say tar sands improve energy security for Canada and the USA; Canada supplied much crude oil to the USA; Keystone XL may create jobs; companies reinvest in carbon capture and storage; 7.5 million trees have been replanted.
Using Figure 8, estimate the percentage of world oil equivalent consumption that came from renewable sources in 2011.
Figure 8: World consumption of oil equivalent by fuel type, 2000-2011
Suggest three different strategies that may be used to manage global energy consumption.
Figure 7: Oil equivalent consumption per capita in 2011
Figure 8: World consumption of oil equivalent by fuel type, 2000-2011
Using Figure 7, suggest one reason why per capita oil equivalent consumption is greater in some regions than in others.
Figure 7: Oil equivalent consumption per capita in 2011
| Year | Recorded electricity consumption (kWh bn) |
|---|---|
| 2019 | 117.020 |
| 2018 | 114.351 |
| 2017 | 107.002 |
| 2016 | 101.998 |
| 2015 | 94.982 |
| 2014 | 92.884 |
| 2013 | 90.655 |
| 2012 | 90.954 |
| 2011 | 84.893 |
| 2010 | 82.794 |
| 2009 | 76.016 |
| 2008 | 71.195 |
Figure 5: Recorded electricity consumption for Beijing, 2008-2019
With reference to the data in Figure 5, calculate the average annual increase in energy demand between 2008 and 2019 in billion kWh.
Figure 6(a): Beijing Clean Air Action Plan
Figure 6(a): In 2018, the Beijing Clean Air Action Plan included limiting car ownership with quotas of 100000 new car purchases per year.
Coal consumption was reduced from 30 million tonnes in 2005 to 4 million tonnes.
The plan created forested areas and green spaces including 5 urban forests, 21 green spaces, 10 leisure parks and 100 km of greenways.
Beijing has the potential to reach net zero carbon emissions by 2050.
Describe one way in which the change in coal consumption between 2005 and 2018 referred to in Figure 6(a) was achieved.
Figure 2: Energy consumption per capita in 2004.
Figure 2
Outline two reasons for the difference in energy consumption between North and South America.
Explain why two countries with similar energy consumption per capita may have very
Figure 3: Historical and projected changes in the proportions of different energy sources used.
Suggest two factors that may cause the proportion of non-fossil fuels to be greater than projected for 2030.
State one advantage and one disadvantage in the table below for each of the energy sources listed.
Figure 9(a): Primary energy consumption in Iceland, 1940-2008
With reference to Figure 9(a) outline how Iceland's primary energy consumption has changed over time.
Figure 9(c): Sources of greenhouse gas emissions in Iceland in 2010
Figure 2: Fact file on Iceland
Land area 103000 km². Terrain is mountainous and volcanic. Iceland is isolated, with low biological diversity and few endemic species. Only 0.7% of land is suitable for growing crops; harsh climate limits farming to livestock and geothermally heated greenhouses. 60% of the population live in Reykjavik. Total fertility rate is two children per woman. Important industries include fishing, aluminium smelting and tourism. Ecological footprint is 7.4 GHa compared with a world average of 2.6 GHa. Iceland is a high income representative democracy ranked 13th on the HDI. It was badly affected by the global financial crisis in 2008. Hydroelectric and geothermal power provide 85% of primary energy. Iceland expects to be energy independent using 100% renewable energy by 2050. The government recently approved oil exploration in Icelandic waters.
With reference to Figure 2 and Figure 9(c) outline two possible reasons why energy demand declined in Iceland after 2008.
Explain the factors which influence the choice of energy sources in two different societies.
With reference to named societies, to what extent do the environmental impacts of energy resources influence their choice of energy?
With reference to named societies, to what extent are their energy choices affected more by their geographical location than the environmental impact of any energy resource?
Figure 9(a) and 9(b): Potential and actual sources of electricity
Figure 9(a): Fact file on Japan's energy
Japan aims to reduce CO2 emissions by 26% by 2030 to meet Paris Agreement targets.
Japan is resource-poor in fossil fuels and imports 94% of the energy it needs.
All potential hydroelectric sites have already been developed.
All future electricity-generation developments require an Environmental Impact Assessment.
With reference to Figures 9(a) and 9(b), suggest two reasons for the differences between Hokkaido's potential and actual sources of electricity in 2017.
Figure 9(a): Electricity generation in Costa Rica by energy source (1990-2016)
Identify one possible reason why there has been a change in the quantity of electricity generated from wind as shown in Figure 9(a).
Figure 9(b): Total energy consumption in Costa Rica (including electricity) between 1990 and 2016
With reference to Figure 9(b), calculate the percentage of energy consumed that came from fossil fuels in 2016.
Figure 9(c): Consumption of crude oil in Costa Rica by sector (2016)
Figure 10(a): Fact file on carbon neutrality
- Costa Rica pledged to become carbon neutral by balancing carbon dioxide output with carbon dioxide input.
- Since the mid-1980s, national methane emissions have decreased and a twenty-year ban was placed on oil exploration in 2002.
- Government encourages public transport, lower-emission vehicles, electric/biofuel/hybrid/hydrogen vehicles, renewable electricity and carbon offset schemes.
- The world's first certified carbon-neutral coffee producer was established in Costa Rica.
With reference to Figure 9(c), suggest two strategies that would be most effective in reducing the use of crude oil in Costa Rica.