Topic 1: Foundation

1.1 Perspectives

1.2 Systems

1.3 Sustainability

Topic 2: Ecology

2.1 Individuals, populations, communities, and ecosystems

2.2 Energy and biomass in ecosystems

2.3 Biogeochemical cycles

2.4 Climate and biomes

2.5 Zonation, succession and change

Topic 3: Biodiversity and conservation

3.1 Biodiversity and evolution

3.2 Human impact on biodiversity

3.3 Conservation and regeneration

Topic 4: Water

4.1 Water systems

4.2 Water access, use and security

4.3 Aquatic food production systems

4.4 Water pollution

Topic 5: Land

5.1 Soil

5.2 Agriculture and food

Topic 6: Atmosphere and climate change

6.1 Introduction to the atmosphere

6.2 Climate change—causes and impacts

6.3 Climate change—mitigation and adaptation

6.4 Stratospheric ozone

Topic 7: Natural resources

7.1 Natural resources—uses and management

7.2 Energy sources—uses and management

7.3 Solid waste

Topic 8: Human populations and urban systems

8.1 Human populations

8.2 Urban systems and urban planning

8.3 Urban air pollution

HL.a Environmental law

HL.b Environmental economics

HL.c Environmental ethics

HL.c.1—Ethics definition

HL.c.2—Environmental ethics

HL.c.3—Ethical frameworks

HL.c.4—Instrumental value

HL.c.5—Intrinsic value

HL.c.6—Instrumental and intrinsic not exclusive

HL.c.7—Moral standing

HL.c.8—Three ethical approaches

HL.c.9—Virtue ethics

HL.c.10—Consequentialist ethics

HL.c.11—Rights-based ethics

HL.c.12—"Appeal to nature" fallacy

HL.c.13—Environmental and social justice movements

IB ESS HL HL.c.8—Three ethical approaches Question Bank

• Virtue ethics: person's character

• Consequentialist (utilitarian): action consequences

• Rights-based (deontological): entity rights

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