Topic 1: Foundation

1.1 Perspectives

1.2 Systems

1.3 Sustainability

Topic 2: Ecology

2.1 Individuals, populations, communities, and ecosystems

2.2 Energy and biomass in ecosystems

2.3 Biogeochemical cycles

2.4 Climate and biomes

2.5 Zonation, succession and change

Topic 3: Biodiversity and conservation

3.1 Biodiversity and evolution

3.2 Human impact on biodiversity

3.3 Conservation and regeneration

Topic 4: Water

4.1 Water systems

4.2 Water access, use and security

4.3 Aquatic food production systems

4.4 Water pollution

Topic 5: Land

5.1 Soil

5.2 Agriculture and food

Topic 6: Atmosphere and climate change

6.1 Introduction to the atmosphere

6.2 Climate change—causes and impacts

6.3 Climate change—mitigation and adaptation

6.4 Stratospheric ozone

Topic 7: Natural resources

7.1 Natural resources—uses and management

7.2 Energy sources—uses and management

7.3 Solid waste

Topic 8: Human populations and urban systems

8.1 Human populations

8.2 Urban systems and urban planning

8.3 Urban air pollution

HL.a Environmental law

HL.a.1—Laws definition

HL.a.2—Environmental law

HL.a.3—Environmental justice and lobbying

HL.a.4—Environmental law frameworks

HL.a.5—Environmental constitutionalism

HL.a.6—Environmental law levels

HL.a.7—International law framework

HL.a.8—UN conventions and protocols

HL.a.9—International institutions

HL.a.10—International courts and tribunals

HL.a.11—Legal personhood for nature

HL.a.12—Legal and economic strategies

HL.b Environmental economics

HL.c Environmental ethics

IB ESS HL HL.a.8—UN conventions and protocols Question Bank

• Legally binding to signatories

• Challenging and slow to develop

• Examples: Montreal Protocol, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement

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