Topic 1: Foundation

1.1 Perspectives

1.2 Systems

1.3 Sustainability

Topic 2: Ecology

2.1 Individuals, populations, communities, and ecosystems

2.2 Energy and biomass in ecosystems

2.3 Biogeochemical cycles

2.4 Climate and biomes

2.5 Zonation, succession and change

Topic 3: Biodiversity and conservation

3.1 Biodiversity and evolution

3.2 Human impact on biodiversity

3.3 Conservation and regeneration

Topic 4: Water

4.1 Water systems

4.2 Water access, use and security

4.3 Aquatic food production systems

4.4 Water pollution

Topic 5: Land

5.1 Soil

5.2 Agriculture and food

Topic 6: Atmosphere and climate change

6.1 Introduction to the atmosphere

6.2 Climate change—causes and impacts

6.3 Climate change—mitigation and adaptation

6.4 Stratospheric ozone

Topic 7: Natural resources

7.1 Natural resources—uses and management

7.2 Energy sources—uses and management

7.3 Solid waste

Topic 8: Human populations and urban systems

8.1 Human populations

8.1.1—Population inputs

8.1.2—Population outputs

8.1.3—Population dynamics metrics

8.1.4—Global population growth models

8.1.5—Direct population policies

8.1.6—Indirect population policies

8.1.7—Age-sex pyramids

8.1.8—Demographic transition model

8.1.9 (HL)—Rapid population growth

8.1.10 (HL)—Age-sex pyramids

8.1.11 (HL)—DTM pattern analysis

8.1.12 (HL)—Environmental migration

8.2 Urban systems and urban planning

8.3 Urban air pollution

HL.a Environmental law

HL.b Environmental economics

HL.c Environmental ethics

IB ESS HL 8.1.10 (HL)—Age-sex pyramids Question Bank

• Determine dependency ratio and population momentum

• Dependency ratio: dependent ages vs. productive ages (15-64)

• Population momentum: growth continues despite fertility decline

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