Topic 1: Foundation

1.1 Perspectives

1.2 Systems

1.3 Sustainability

Topic 2: Ecology

2.1 Individuals, populations, communities, and ecosystems

2.2 Energy and biomass in ecosystems

2.3 Biogeochemical cycles

2.4 Climate and biomes

2.5 Zonation, succession and change

Topic 3: Biodiversity and conservation

3.1 Biodiversity and evolution

3.2 Human impact on biodiversity

3.3 Conservation and regeneration

Topic 4: Water

4.1 Water systems

4.2 Water access, use and security

4.3 Aquatic food production systems

4.4 Water pollution

Topic 5: Land

5.1 Soil

5.2 Agriculture and food

Topic 6: Atmosphere and climate change

6.1 Introduction to the atmosphere

6.2 Climate change—causes and impacts

6.3 Climate change—mitigation and adaptation

6.4 Stratospheric ozone

Topic 7: Natural resources

7.1 Natural resources—uses and management

7.1.1—Natural resources definition

7.1.2—Natural capital

7.1.3—Natural income

7.1.4—"Natural capital" perspective

7.1.5—Ecosystem services

7.1.6—Resource classification

7.1.7—Natural capital value types

7.1.8—Dynamic natural capital value

7.1.9—Sustainable natural capital use

7.1.10—Resource security

7.1.11—Resource-use choices

7.1.12 (HL)—Natural capital management strategies

7.1.13 (HL)—SDGs and resource management

7.1.14 (HL)—Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

7.1.15 (HL)—EIA guidance variation

7.1.16 (HL)—Public EIAs

7.1.17 (HL)—Renewable resource extraction

7.1.18 (HL)—Short-term economic interests

7.1.19 (HL)—Resource insecurity impacts

7.1.20 (HL)—Resource security strategies

7.1.21 (HL)—Economic globalization

7.2 Energy sources—uses and management

7.3 Solid waste

Topic 8: Human populations and urban systems

8.1 Human populations

8.2 Urban systems and urban planning

8.3 Urban air pollution

HL.a Environmental law

HL.b Environmental economics

HL.c Environmental ethics

IB ESS HL 7.1.19 (HL)—Resource insecurity impacts Question Bank

• Hinders socio-economic development

• Environmental degradation, geopolitical tensions/conflicts

• Examples: oil (OPEC), minerals (lithium, cobalt, rare earth)

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