Topic 1: Foundation

1.1 Perspectives

1.2 Systems

1.3 Sustainability

Topic 2: Ecology

2.1 Individuals, populations, communities, and ecosystems

2.2 Energy and biomass in ecosystems

2.3 Biogeochemical cycles

2.4 Climate and biomes

2.5 Zonation, succession and change

Topic 3: Biodiversity and conservation

3.1 Biodiversity and evolution

3.2 Human impact on biodiversity

3.3 Conservation and regeneration

Topic 4: Water

4.1 Water systems

4.2 Water access, use and security

4.3 Aquatic food production systems

4.4 Water pollution

Topic 5: Land

5.1 Soil

5.2 Agriculture and food

Topic 6: Atmosphere and climate change

6.1 Introduction to the atmosphere

6.1.1—Atmosphere boundary

6.1.2—Atmospheric circulation

6.1.3—Greenhouse gases and aerosols

6.1.4—Greenhouse effect

6.1.5 (HL)—Atmosphere as dynamic system

6.1.6 (HL)—Atmospheric pressure and altitude

6.1.7 (HL)—Milankovitch cycles

6.1.8 (HL)—Global warming and geological cycles

6.1.9 (HL)—Life and atmosphere evolution

6.2 Climate change—causes and impacts

6.3 Climate change—mitigation and adaptation

6.4 Stratospheric ozone

Topic 7: Natural resources

7.1 Natural resources—uses and management

7.2 Energy sources—uses and management

7.3 Solid waste

Topic 8: Human populations and urban systems

8.1 Human populations

8.2 Urban systems and urban planning

8.3 Urban air pollution

HL.a Environmental law

HL.b Environmental economics

HL.c Environmental ethics

IB ESS HL 6.1.7 (HL)—Milankovitch cycles Question Bank

• Affect solar radiation reaching Earth

• Climate cycles over tens to hundreds of thousands of years

• Three types: orbit shape, tilt angle, axis rotation

• Do not explain current warming

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