Topic 1: Foundation

1.1 Perspectives

1.2 Systems

1.3 Sustainability

Topic 2: Ecology

2.1 Individuals, populations, communities, and ecosystems

2.2 Energy and biomass in ecosystems

2.3 Biogeochemical cycles

2.4 Climate and biomes

2.5 Zonation, succession and change

Topic 3: Biodiversity and conservation

3.1 Biodiversity and evolution

3.2 Human impact on biodiversity

3.3 Conservation and regeneration

Topic 4: Water

4.1 Water systems

4.2 Water access, use and security

4.3 Aquatic food production systems

4.4 Water pollution

Topic 5: Land

5.1 Soil

5.2 Agriculture and food

5.2.1—Land as finite resource

5.2.2—Marginalized groups vulnerability

5.2.3—Food production and distribution

5.2.4—Agricultural system variation

5.2.5—Agricultural system classification

5.2.6—Traditional techniques

5.2.7—Green Revolution (1950s-1960s)

5.2.8—Synthetic fertilizers

5.2.9—Soil conservation techniques

5.2.10—Diet trophic level and sustainability

5.2.11—Sustainable food supply strategies

5.2.12—Food security

5.2.13 (HL)—Local agricultural choices

5.2.14 (HL)—Alternative farming approaches

5.2.15 (HL)—Regenerative farming and permaculture

5.2.16 (HL)—Technological improvements

5.2.17 (HL)—Diet sustainability variations

5.2.18 (HL)—Harvesting wild species

5.2.19 (HL)—Traditional vs. global food needs

5.2.20 (HL)—Food distribution and quality

Topic 6: Atmosphere and climate change

6.1 Introduction to the atmosphere

6.2 Climate change—causes and impacts

6.3 Climate change—mitigation and adaptation

6.4 Stratospheric ozone

Topic 7: Natural resources

7.1 Natural resources—uses and management

7.2 Energy sources—uses and management

7.3 Solid waste

Topic 8: Human populations and urban systems

8.1 Human populations

8.2 Urban systems and urban planning

8.3 Urban air pollution

HL.a Environmental law

HL.b Environmental economics

HL.c Environmental ethics

IB ESS HL 5.2.14 (HL)—Alternative farming approaches Question Bank

• Soil regeneration, rewilding, permaculture

• Non-commercial cropping, zero tillage

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