Topic 1: Foundation

1.1 Perspectives

1.2 Systems

1.3 Sustainability

Topic 2: Ecology

2.1 Individuals, populations, communities, and ecosystems

2.2 Energy and biomass in ecosystems

2.3 Biogeochemical cycles

2.4 Climate and biomes

2.5 Zonation, succession and change

Topic 3: Biodiversity and conservation

3.1 Biodiversity and evolution

3.2 Human impact on biodiversity

3.3 Conservation and regeneration

Topic 4: Water

4.1 Water systems

4.2 Water access, use and security

4.3 Aquatic food production systems

4.3.1—Aquatic primary producers

4.3.2—Human aquatic food consumption

4.3.3—Increasing demand

4.3.4—Unsustainable harvesting practices

4.3.5—Fishery collapse

4.3.6—Maximum sustainable yield (MSY)

4.3.7—Climate change impacts

4.3.8—Mitigation strategies

4.3.9—Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)

4.3.10—Aquaculture

4.3.11 (HL)—Water system interconnections

4.3.12 (HL)—Fish stock assessment

4.3.13 (HL)—MSY risks

4.3.14 (HL)—Overexploited species recovery

4.3.15 (HL)—UNCLOS

4.3.16 (HL)—Marine mammal harvesting ethics

4.4 Water pollution

Topic 5: Land

5.1 Soil

5.2 Agriculture and food

Topic 6: Atmosphere and climate change

6.1 Introduction to the atmosphere

6.2 Climate change—causes and impacts

6.3 Climate change—mitigation and adaptation

6.4 Stratospheric ozone

Topic 7: Natural resources

7.1 Natural resources—uses and management

7.2 Energy sources—uses and management

7.3 Solid waste

Topic 8: Human populations and urban systems

8.1 Human populations

8.2 Urban systems and urban planning

8.3 Urban air pollution

HL.a Environmental law

HL.b Environmental economics

HL.c Environmental ethics

IB ESS HL 4.3.15 (HL)—UNCLOS Question Bank

• Exclusive economic zone: 370 km from coast

• High seas (60% of ocean): limited regulation

• Equity issues when countries sell fishing access

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