Topic 1: Foundation

1.1 Perspectives

1.2 Systems

1.3 Sustainability

Topic 2: Ecology

2.1 Individuals, populations, communities, and ecosystems

2.2 Energy and biomass in ecosystems

2.3 Biogeochemical cycles

2.4 Climate and biomes

2.5 Zonation, succession and change

Topic 3: Biodiversity and conservation

3.1 Biodiversity and evolution

3.2 Human impact on biodiversity

3.2.1—Threats to biodiversity

3.2.2—Multiple human impacts

3.2.3—Invasive alien species

3.2.4—IUCN Red List

3.2.5—Conservation status benefits

3.2.6—Species case studies

3.2.7—Tragedy of the commons

3.2.8 (HL)—Biodiversity hotspots

3.2.9 (HL)—Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs)

3.2.10 (HL)—KBA conflicts

3.2.11 (HL)—Traditional indigenous land management

3.2.12 (HL)—Environmental justice in conservation

3.2.13 (HL)—Biosphere integrity planetary boundary

3.3 Conservation and regeneration

Topic 4: Water

4.1 Water systems

4.2 Water access, use and security

4.3 Aquatic food production systems

4.4 Water pollution

Topic 5: Land

5.1 Soil

5.2 Agriculture and food

Topic 6: Atmosphere and climate change

6.1 Introduction to the atmosphere

6.2 Climate change—causes and impacts

6.3 Climate change—mitigation and adaptation

6.4 Stratospheric ozone

Topic 7: Natural resources

7.1 Natural resources—uses and management

7.2 Energy sources—uses and management

7.3 Solid waste

Topic 8: Human populations and urban systems

8.1 Human populations

8.2 Urban systems and urban planning

8.3 Urban air pollution

HL.a Environmental law

HL.b Environmental economics

HL.c Environmental ethics

IB ESS HL 3.2.13 (HL)—Biosphere integrity planetary boundary Question Bank

• Species extinctions have crossed critical threshold

• Could lead to Earth system tipping point

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