Topic 1: Foundation

1.1 Perspectives

1.2 Systems

1.3 Sustainability

Topic 2: Ecology

2.1 Individuals, populations, communities, and ecosystems

2.2 Energy and biomass in ecosystems

2.3 Biogeochemical cycles

2.4 Climate and biomes

2.4.1—Climate vs. weather

2.4.2—Biome definition

2.4.3—Biome distribution determinants

2.4.4—Biome categories

2.4.5—Tricellular model

2.4.6—Ocean heat distribution

2.4.7—Global warming effects

2.4.8 (HL)—Climate type patterns

2.4.9 (HL)—Secondary influences

2.4.10 (HL)—ENSO cycle

2.4.11 (HL)—ENSO mechanisms

2.4.12 (HL)—Tropical cyclones

2.4.13 (HL)—Global warming and cyclones

2.5 Zonation, succession and change

Topic 3: Biodiversity and conservation

3.1 Biodiversity and evolution

3.2 Human impact on biodiversity

3.3 Conservation and regeneration

Topic 4: Water

4.1 Water systems

4.2 Water access, use and security

4.3 Aquatic food production systems

4.4 Water pollution

Topic 5: Land

5.1 Soil

5.2 Agriculture and food

Topic 6: Atmosphere and climate change

6.1 Introduction to the atmosphere

6.2 Climate change—causes and impacts

6.3 Climate change—mitigation and adaptation

6.4 Stratospheric ozone

Topic 7: Natural resources

7.1 Natural resources—uses and management

7.2 Energy sources—uses and management

7.3 Solid waste

Topic 8: Human populations and urban systems

8.1 Human populations

8.2 Urban systems and urban planning

8.3 Urban air pollution

HL.a Environmental law

HL.b Environmental economics

HL.c Environmental ethics

IB ESS HL 2.4.11 (HL)—ENSO mechanisms Question Bank

• El Niño: weakened Walker circulation, decreased upwelling

• La Niña: strengthened Walker circulation

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