Topic 1: Foundation

1.1 Perspectives

1.2 Systems

1.3 Sustainability

Topic 2: Ecology

2.1 Individuals, populations, communities, and ecosystems

2.1.1—Biosphere composition

2.1.2—Species definition

2.1.3—Classification of organisms

2.1.4—Taxonomist tools

2.1.5—Population definition

2.1.6—Distribution factors

2.1.7—Abiotic factors examples

2.1.8—Niche

2.1.9—Population interactions

2.1.10—Carrying capacity

2.1.11—Density-dependent regulation

2.1.12—Population growth curves

2.1.13—Human population limiting factors

2.1.14—Human carrying capacity

2.1.15—Estimating population abundance

2.1.16—Quadrat sampling

2.1.17—Capture-mark-release-recapture

2.1.18—Community definition

2.1.19—Habitat definition

2.1.20—Ecosystems as open systems

2.1.21—Ecosystem sustainability

2.1.22—Human impacts on stability

2.1.23—Keystone species

2.1.24—Biosphere integrity boundary

2.1.25—Reversing biosphere integrity loss

2.1.26 (HL)—Clades and evolutionary classification

2.1.27 (HL)—Limits of traditional taxa

2.1.28 (HL)—Fundamental and realized niches

2.1.29 (HL)—Life cycles and r/K strategies

2.1.30 (HL)—Human impacts on species

2.2 Energy and biomass in ecosystems

2.3 Biogeochemical cycles

2.4 Climate and biomes

2.5 Zonation, succession and change

Topic 3: Biodiversity and conservation

3.1 Biodiversity and evolution

3.2 Human impact on biodiversity

3.3 Conservation and regeneration

Topic 4: Water

4.1 Water systems

4.2 Water access, use and security

4.3 Aquatic food production systems

4.4 Water pollution

Topic 5: Land

5.1 Soil

5.2 Agriculture and food

Topic 6: Atmosphere and climate change

6.1 Introduction to the atmosphere

6.2 Climate change—causes and impacts

6.3 Climate change—mitigation and adaptation

6.4 Stratospheric ozone

Topic 7: Natural resources

7.1 Natural resources—uses and management

7.2 Energy sources—uses and management

7.3 Solid waste

Topic 8: Human populations and urban systems

8.1 Human populations

8.2 Urban systems and urban planning

8.3 Urban air pollution

HL.a Environmental law

HL.b Environmental economics

HL.c Environmental ethics

IB ESS HL 2.1.28 (HL)—Fundamental and realized niches Question Bank

• Fundamental niche: conditions/resources where a species could survive and reproduce without limiting factors

• Realized niche: actual mode of existence shaped by adaptations and competition

• Examples: Connell barnacle species; brown and green anoles

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