Structure 1. Models of the particulate nature of matter

1.1 Introduction to the particulate nature of matter

1.2 The nuclear atom

1.3 Electron configurations

1.4 The mole

1.5 Ideal gases

Structure 2. Models of bonding and structure

2.1 The ionic model

2.2 The covalent model

2.3 The metallic model

2.4 From models to materials

Structure 3. Classification of matter

3.1 The periodic table

3.2 Functional groups: Organic compounds

Reactivity 1. What drives chemical reactions?

1.1 Measuring enthalpy changes

1.2 Energy cycles

1.3 Energy from fuels

Reactivity 2. How much, how fast and how far?

2.1 Amount of chemical change

2.2 Rate of chemical change

2.3 Extent of chemical change

Reactivity 3. What are the mechanisms of chemical change?

3.1 Proton transfer reactions

3.2 Electron transfer reactions

3.3 Electron sharing reactions (Radicals)

3.4 Electron-pair sharing reactions

IB Chemistry HL 3.3 Electron sharing reactions (Radicals) Question Bank

[Maximum number: 1]

Chlorine undergoes many reactions.

(a)

(i)

State the type of reaction occurring when ethane reacts with chlorine to produce chloroethane.

[ 1 ]

[Maximum number: 1]

Alkanes are commonly occurring organic compounds.

(a)

Ethane can be converted to chloroethane by reacting with chlorine gas, $\mathrm{Cl}_{2}(\mathrm{~g})$ , in the presence of UV light.

State the type of reaction and the name of the mechanism by which it occurs.

[ 1 ]

[Maximum number: 2]

Halogenoalkanes are used as refrigerants and solvents.

(a)

The reaction between substance X and sodium hydroxide depends on their concentrations.

[ 2 ]

(i)

Contrast homolytic and heterolytic fission.

Homolytic fission:

Heterolytic fission:

[ 2 ]

[Maximum number: 1]

Nitrous acid, $\mathrm{HNO}_{2}$ , is a weak acid which can be used to make acidic buffers.

(a)

(i)

Ethyl ethanoate can be produced by the reaction of ethanol with ethanoic acid. Both reactants can be synthesized from ethane through a series of reactions, the first of which is shown.

\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{6}(\mathrm{~g})+\mathrm{Cl}_{2}(\mathrm{~g}) \rightarrow \mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{Cl}(\mathrm{~g})+\mathrm{HCl}(\mathrm{~g})

The first step in this reaction, initiation, is given by the following equation.

\mathrm{Cl}_{2} \rightarrow 2 \mathrm{Cl} \cdot

State an essential condition for this reaction.

[ 1 ]

[Maximum number: 1]

Which equation represents a propagation step in the mechanism for the reaction between ethane, $\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{6}$ , and chlorine, $\mathrm{Cl}_{2}$ , in the presence of sunlight/UV?

$\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{6}+\mathrm{Cl} \bullet \rightarrow \mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5} \bullet+\mathrm{HCl}$

$\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{6}+\mathrm{Cl} \bullet \rightarrow \mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{Cl}+\mathrm{H} \bullet$

$\mathrm{Cl}_{2} \rightarrow 2 \mathrm{Cl} \cdot$

$\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5} \bullet+\mathrm{Cl} \bullet \rightarrow \mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{Cl}$

[Maximum number: 1]

Which reaction involves homolytic fission?

$\mathrm{CH}_{4}+\mathrm{Cl}_{2}$

$\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{Br}+\mathrm{NaOH}$

$\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{3} \mathrm{CBr}+\mathrm{NaOH}$

$\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{6}+\mathrm{HNO}_{3}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}$

Which is the correct combination of substitution reaction mechanisms?

[Maximum number: 1]

Which equation represents a propagation step in the reaction of methane with bromine?

$\mathrm{CH}_{4} \rightarrow \mathrm{CH}_{3} \bullet+\mathrm{H} \bullet$

$\mathrm{CH}_{4}+\mathrm{Br} \bullet \rightarrow \mathrm{CH}_{3} \bullet+\mathrm{HBr}$

$\mathrm{CH}_{4}+\mathrm{Br} \bullet \rightarrow \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{Br}+\mathrm{H} \bullet$

$\mathrm{CH}_{3} \bullet+\mathrm{Br} \bullet \rightarrow \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{Br}$

[Maximum number: 2]

Phosgene (carbonyl dichloride, $\mathrm{Cl}_{2} \mathrm{CO}$ ) is an important industrial intermediate.

(a)

Phosgene may be formed by the free-radical reaction between carbon monoxide, CO, and chlorine, $\mathrm{Cl}_{2}$ , which is initiated by UV light.

[ 2 ]

(i)

Write an equation for the initiation reaction.

[ 1 ]

(ii)

State the type of bond fission that is occurring.

[ 1 ]

[Maximum number: 1]

Bromomethane was used as a pesticide until it was found to be ozone-depleting.

(a)

State the equation for the reaction between methane and bromine to form bromomethane.

[ 1 ]

0 selected

Question 1

Question 1(d)

Question 1(d)(i)

Question 1

Question 1(b)

Question 4

Question 4(d)

Question 4(d)(iii)

Question 3

Question 3(c)

Question 3(c)(ii)

Question 34

Question 35

Question 35

Question 35

Question 3

Question 3(a)

Question 3(a)(i)

Question 3(a)(ii)

Question 6

Question 6(a)