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1.2 Business economics

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  1. 1.2.1 Production

    1. 1.2.1.aFactors of production

      The factors of production: • land • labour • capital • enterprise.

    2. 1.2.1.bSectors of the economy

      Sectors of the economy: • primary • secondary • tertiary.

    3. 1.2.1.cChanging sector importance in developed and developing economies

      Explain changes over time in the employment and output shares of the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors in developing and developed economies.

  2. 1.2.2 Productivity and division of labour

    1. 1.2.2.aProductivity

      Definition of productivity.

    2. 1.2.2.bFactors affecting productivity

      Factors affecting productivity: • land – use of fertiliser, drainage, irrigation, reclamation • labour – quality of labour, including improved human capital through education and training and impact of migration • capital – increased quantity and technological advances.

    3. 1.2.2.cDivision of labour

      Definition of division of labour.

    4. 1.2.2.dDivision of labour: effects on workers and businesses

      Advantages and disadvantages of the division of labour to workers and businesses.

  3. 1.2.3 Business costs, revenues and profit

    1. 1.2.3.aRevenue, cost and profit formulae

      Define and use formulae to calculate total revenue, total costs, total fixed costs, total variable costs, average total costs and profit.

    2. 1.2.3.bInternal and external economies of scale

      Define economies of scale and internal economies of scale; explain purchasing, marketing, technical, financial, managerial and risk-bearing internal economies. Define external economies of scale and explain skilled labour, infrastructure, access to suppliers and clusters of similar businesses.

    3. 1.2.3.cDiseconomies of scale and the LRAC curve

      Define diseconomies of scale and explain bureaucracy, communication problems, lack of control and distance between senior management and workers. Use an LRAC diagram to show internal economies, diseconomies and the output at which the business is most efficient.

  4. 1.2.4 Business competition

    1. 1.2.4.aEffects of competition on firms, consumers and the economy

      Advantages and disadvantages of competition to firms, consumers and the economy, including: • efficiency • choice • quality • innovation • price.

    2. 1.2.4.bAdvantages and disadvantages of large firms and small

      Advantages and disadvantages of large firms and small firms.

    3. 1.2.4.cFactors influencing the growth of firms

      Factors influencing the growth of firms: • government regulation • access to finance • economies of scale • the desire to spread risk • the desire to take over competitors.

    4. 1.2.4.dReasons firms stay small

      Explain why firms may stay small because of market size, niche-market characteristics, lack of finance or the entrepreneur’s aims.

    5. 1.2.4.eMonopoly

      Definition of monopoly.

    6. 1.2.4.fMain features of monopoly

      Main features of monopoly: • one business dominates the market • unique product • price-maker • barriers to entry: - legal barriers - patents - marketing budgets - technology - high start-up costs.

    7. 1.2.4.gAdvantages and disadvantages of monopoly

      Evaluate monopoly in terms of efficiency, choice, quality, innovation, price and economies of scale.

    8. 1.2.4.hOligopoly

      Definition of oligopoly.

    9. 1.2.4.iMain features of oligopoly

      Main features of oligopoly: • few firms • large firms dominate • different products • barriers to entry • collusion • non-price competition • price competition.

    10. 1.2.4.jAdvantages and disadvantages of oligopoly

      Advantages and disadvantages of oligopoly: • choice • quality • innovation • collusion and cartels fixing high prices • price wars between oligopolies.

  5. 1.2.5 The labour market

    1. 1.2.5.aFactors affecting the demand for labour

      Explain how demand for the final product (derived demand), availability of substitutes including machines, and workforce productivity affect demand for labour.

    2. 1.2.5.bFactors affecting the supply of labour

      Factors affecting the supply of labour: • population size • migration • age distribution of population • retirement age • school-leaving age • female participation • skills and qualifications • ability to move geographic locations/move to different types of employment.

    3. 1.2.5.cImportance of labour quantity and quality to businesses

      Importance of the quantity and quality of labour to business.

    4. 1.2.5.dEducation, training and human capital

      Impact of education and training on human capital and quality of labour.

    5. 1.2.5.eLabour-market diagrams

      Use labour-market diagrams showing labour supply, labour demand, equilibrium wage and employment, and the effects of shifts in labour demand or supply.

    6. 1.2.5.fTrade union involvement in the labour market

      Trade union involvement in the labour market: • impact of trade union activity to improve working conditions and increase wages.

  6. 1.2.6 Government intervention

    1. 1.2.6.aGovernment policy to deal with externalities

      Government policy to deal with externalities: • taxation • subsidies • fines • regulation • pollution permits.

    2. 1.2.6.bEvaluating government policies for externalities

      Advantages and disadvantages of each government policy.

    3. 1.2.6.cGovernment regulation of competition

      Government regulation of competition to: • promote competition • limit monopoly power • protect consumer interests • control mergers and takeovers.

    4. 1.2.6.dMinimum-wage intervention and diagrams

      Explain reasons for a minimum wage and its advantages and disadvantages. Use diagrams to show the effects of introducing or increasing a minimum wage.