Question 1
Explain the role of goal-setting in the motivation of individuals engaged in sport.
Refer to the paper 2 assessment criteria when awarding marks.
The command term "explain" requires candidates to give a detailed account, including reasons or causes, related to the role of goal-setting in the motivation of individuals engaged in sport.
Relevant research may include, but is not limited to:
- the role of intrinsic/extrinsic motivation (for example, Vallerand and Losier, 1999)
- achievement goal theory (for example, Duda and Hall, 2001)
- the relationship between goal-setting and performance (for example, Weinbert et al., 1994)
- the role of outcome, performance, and process goals (for example, Steinberg et al., 2000)
- the relationship between goals and perception of success in children engaged in sport (for example, Duda et al., 1998)
- SMART - components of effective goal setting (for example, Smith, 1994)
- ego orientation versus task orientation (for example, Elliot and Dweck, 1988)
- the role of goal-setting in regulating performance and increasing self-efficacy (for example, Locke and Latham, 1981;
2006)
Examples of how candidates may show evidence of critical thinking could include:
- analysis of the methodology and/or ethical considerations
- application of empirical support in relation to the role of goal-setting
- using evidence from studies that support or disconfirm the importance of the role of goal-setting
- questioning the direction of cause and effect.
Descriptions of research on goal-setting in motivation without a link to motivation in sport should be awarded up to a maximum of [4] for criterion A, knowledge and understanding, up to a maximum of [5] for criterion B, critical thinking, and up to a maximum of [2] for criterion C, organization.