IB Psychology HL 4.1.4 Hl Culture and Cognition Questions

Refer to the paper 1 section B assessment criteria when awarding marks.
The command term "discuss" requires candidates to offer a considered review of one or more cultural influences on human cognition and/or behaviour.

It is not necessary for candidates to make a distinction between cognition and behaviour.
Studies investigating cultural influences on cognition and/or behaviour may include, but are not limited to:
- acculturation (Lueck and Wilson, 2010;
Kraeh et al., 2016;
Torres et al., 2012)
- attachment (Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg, 1988;
Sagi et al., 1985)
- conformity (Bond and Smith, 1996;
Berry, 1967)
- cultural norms (Odden and Rochat, 2004;
Fagot, 1974)
- flashbulb memories (Kulkofsky et al., 2011)
- The effects of education on memory (Cole and Scribner, 1974;
Kearins, 1981).
- Pro-social behaviour (Moghaddam et al., 1993;
Levine et al., 2001)
- Cognitive development (Li et al., 1999)

Critical discussion may include, but is not limited to:
- ecological versus internal validity
- use of quasi-experimental research
- sampling biases and the ecological fallacy
- lab versus field experiments
- operationalization of "culture" as a construct
- emic versus etic approaches to studying cultural influences

Candidates may discuss one cultural influence in order to demonstrate depth of knowledge, or may discuss a larger number of cultural influences in order to demonstrate breadth of knowledge. Both approaches are equally acceptable.